UNIT 14-INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY🤎 Flashcards

Question 1

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what are alkanes?

Question 2

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what are hydrocarbons? what are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

Question 3

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define an empirical formula and molecular formula, give examples of each

Question 4

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define a structural formula, give an example

Question 5

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define a displayed formula, draw the displayed formulae for propene and butan-2-ol9

Question 6

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define a skeletal formula, give the skeletal formula for propene and butan-2-ol

Question 7

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define a homologous series and functional group including the function of a functional group

Question 8

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give the prefixes for organic compounds with 1-10 carbon atoms

Question 9

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what are aryl compounds? give the displayed formula and skeletal formula, how do we name molecules with two or more alkyl groups?

Question 10

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explain the difference between sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms (include references to the differences in the shapes and bond angles
what are sigma bonds? explain using an example of ethane

Question 11

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what are pi bonds? use the term planar when describing the arrangement of atoms in organic molecules like ethene
describe the arrangement of σ and π bonds in molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms

Question 12

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differentiate between straight-chained, branched and cyclic molecules
define structural isomers, give an example

Question 13

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give 3 types of structural isomerism

Question 14

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define position isomerism, give an example

Question 15

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define chain isomerism, give an example

Question 16

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define functional group isomerism, give an example

Question 17

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what are stereoisomers? give two types of stereoisomerism

Question 18

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define geometrical(cis/trans) isomerism, which compounds have this isomerism, give an example of a cis-isomer & trans-isomer and explain the difference between the two

Question 19

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how similar are the properties of stereoisomers?

Question 20

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what is a reaction mechanism? what are the two ways in which covalent bonds can break?

Question 21

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define optical isomerism, draw a diagram showing this concept including the chiral centre and enantiomers(explain what they are), what is the meaning of asymmetric?

Question 22

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define homolytic fission, what is used to represent an unpaired electron?

Question 23

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define a free radical, give an example equation for the formation of a free radical

Question 24

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what is a free radical reaction? name the three steps of a free radical reaction

Question 25

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explain the initiation step including equations for halogen-methane substitution, define homolysis

Question 26

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explain the propagation step including equations(2) for halogen-methane substitution

Question 27

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explain the termination step including equation(3) for the possible products formed in halogen-methane substitution

Question 28

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define heterolytic fission, give two examples showing equations (with a halogen & alkyl group)

Question 29

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explain what happens using an equation showing heterolytic fission of a CX bond, what is a carbocation?

Question 30

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list 3 types of carbocations, draw their structure and state which is the most to least stable

Question 31

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differentiate between an electrophile and a nucleophile, differentiate between the terms nucleophilic and electrophilic
define the following reactions-free-radical substitution
-electrophilic addition
-nucleophilic substitution
-nucleophilic addition

Question 32

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what is an addition and elimination reaction? give an example of each

Question 33

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what is a substitution reaction? give an example

Question 34

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what is a condensation and hydrolysis reaction?

Question 35

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how can hydrolysis be sped up? give an example of a reaction where hydrolysis is sped up and write the equations (2), explain the difference in the products

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UNIT 14-INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY🤎 Flashcards

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