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AP Psych > Unit 1.6 > Flashcards

Unit 1.6 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

We take in input from the ______ through anatomical structures like eyes, ____, nose, ________, skin (sensations)
__________

A

world
ears
tongue
receive

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2
Q

We process and _______ that information.
_______

A

interpret
Transform

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3
Q

These perceptions influence how we ____ and behave.

A

think
Deliver

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4
Q

The bottom-up process by which our senses (vision, hearing, smell) receive and represent outside stimulus

A

Sensation

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5
Q

The top-down way our brains organize that information and put it into context.

A

Perception

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6
Q

Both are needed to gather and interpret information to make sense of the world

A

Perception and Sensory

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7
Q

Our sensory and perception processes are _______ together to help us sort out _____ images

A

working
complex

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8
Q

Taking in the information (sensory - PNS)

A

Bottom-up processing

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9
Q

We use higher level imental processing (brain - CNS)

A

Top-down processing

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10
Q

Sensation begins at our sensory _____ (nerve endings that respond to stimuli) to take in info from the ________.

A

receptor
environment

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11
Q

Begins with the sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue, muscles).

A

Bottom-up processing

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12
Q

Starts in the brain guided by our experience and expectations

A

Top-down processing

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13
Q

Converting one form of energy into another that the brain can read

A

transduction

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14
Q

Sensory stimulation

A

Receive

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15
Q

Stimulation into neural impulses

A

transform

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16
Q

Neural information to our brain

A

deliver

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17
Q

Study between the physical (intensity) and psychological (experience) of stimuli

A

psychophysics

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18
Q

Measures our sensitivity of sensory input. Smallest level of stimulus that can be detected at least half of the time
The first moment you recognize something

A

Absolute threshold

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19
Q

Our ability to detect stimulus depends on its strength and our psychological state
Assumes there is no absolute threshold
When we detect the presence of stimulus, depends on our top-down processes (experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness)
These theorists seek to understand why we respond differently to some stimuli

A

Signal Detection Theory

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20
Q

Stimuli that you cannot detect 50% of the time (below your absolute threshold)

A

Subliminal stimuli

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21
Q

unconscious associations

A

priming

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22
Q

Smallest change that can be detected between two stimuli at least 50% of the time (just noticeable difference)

A

Difference threshold

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23
Q

States that the stronger the stimulus, the bigger the change to notice a difference. Phone screen seems bright in dark room but no outside in sunlight
2 stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage not a constant amount.

A

Weber’s Law

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24
Q

Becoming less sensitive to unchanging stimulus

A

Sensory adaptation

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25
When constantly exposed to unchanging stimulus, we become ___ aware of it allowing us to focus on info changes in our environment why?
nerve cells fire less frequently
26
Shifting your attention from a stimulus. Don't notice that you have socks on until I said something
Sensory habituation
27
Energy moves in an electromagnetic ______.
spectrum
28
Humans have a fairly limited visual range light travels in ______ and the shape of these influence what we ___
waves see
29
The distance from one peak to the next determines hue or color
wavelength
30
The height of the peaks determines brightness
intensity or amplitude
31
Short wavelength= Long wavelength=
bluish reddish
32
Great amplitude= Small amplitude=
brighter duller
33
Where the light first hits protective covering that helps focus the light
cornea
34
Second, it enters the _____ (center opening) and the ______ dialates or constricts to let in more or less light (it is the colored part of the eye)
pupil iris
35
Third, the flexible and curved ______ changes shape to focus new and far objects on retina
Lens
36
The lens flips the image
accomodation
37
Fourth, the image is projected on the _____ in the back of the eye. Here specialized neurons are activated by various wavelengths of light
retina
38
Transforming incoming stimuli into neural impulses the brain understands
transduction
39
Transduction happens in all senses but with vision it begins in the _____ where light activates the photoreceptors called ____ and ______ if enough are fired, bipolar cells are activated, which trigger ______ cells
retina rods and cones ganglion
40
Contains mostly cones
fovia
41
Black and White Dim light Peripheral Vision
Rods
42
Colors bright light detail center of retina
cones
43
The axons of the ganglion cells make up the
optic nerve
44
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye (no rods or cones)
Blind spot
45
The optic nerves sends signals to the _______ and the messages are directed to the ____lobe
thalamus occipital
46
A color vision theory that is the oldest and simplest says that we have 3 types of cones (red, blue, green) they work together to perceive a range of colors
trichromatic theory
47
Color vision theory that says receptors come in pairs. (re/green, yellow/blue, black/white) This explains color afterimages and color blindness
opponent-processing
48
Most researchers agree with a combination of ______ theory and _______-________ Individual cones do appear to correspond with trichromatic opponent-processing may occur at other layers of the retina
trichromatic opponent-processing
49
People with ________ color blindness have difficulty seeing shads of red/green or blue/yellow
dichromatic
50
People with ______ color blindness can only see shades of grey
monochromatic
51
receptor rods and cones ----- bipolar cells---- ganglion cells
retinal processing
52
Brains detector cells (hubel and Wiesel) in visual cortex respond to specific _______ like lines, edges, angles, an dmovements
details
53
Brain cell teams process info about color, movement, form, and depth
parallel processing
54
brain interprets info from stored memories
Recognition
55
Processing of sound waves into hearing
autition
56
Sound waves produce _______ in the air and are captured by our ears These waves vary in amplitude (_____) and frequency (_______)
vibrations height length
57
Determines loudness of sound
amplitude
58
determines pitch
frequency
59
Sound waves first collected in ______ ___ (pinna) Travels down ear canal until reaches _____ (thin membrane that vibrates) beginning of middle ear. It is attached to 3 ______ (bones) in middle ear these (hammer, anvil, stirrup) transmit vibrations to ____ ______ This is attached to fluid filled and snail shaped _______ Its floor is lines with ___ cells These are connected to the organ of corti, triggering _______ Those transducted messages are transmitted to the ____
outer ear eardrum ossicles oval window cochlea hair transduction brain
60
Auditory nerve------ thalamus ------ temporal lobe ------ auditory cotex
movement of sound through ear
61
What are the two main types of deafness
Sensorineural (nerve) deafness Conduction deafness
62
Usually caused by loud noise and prolonged exposure can become permanent Can be genetic or old age
sensorinerual deafness
63
Something wrong with mechanical hearing system damage to eardrum or ossicles (middle ear: hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
Conduction deafness
64
Cochlear implant hearing aids
sensorineural loss
65
Surgical procedures Bone conduction devices
Conductive loss
66
device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea
cochlear implant
67
make sounds louder
hearing aids
68
Including drainage tubes, fix bones
surgical procedures for hearing loss
69
Early intervention is most effective for this treatment for hearing loss
bone conduction devices
70
To locate sounds, our brains analyzes ____ and ______ of sounds as they hit each ear
intensity and timing
71
If sound hits left ear ____ and more ______ brain interprets it as coming from the left side.
first intense
72
What are the two theories that explain how we hear pitch
frequency theory place theory
73
tones are sensed by the rate cells fire - how fast or slow they are firing volley theory (neurons can't fire faster than 1000 waves/sec)
frequency theory
74
Place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated At the __ of cochlea - high pitch and degenerates first At the ___ of the cochlea - low pitch
Place theory base top
75
Headphones direct __ sound waves into auditory canal and bombard ________ membrane
all basilar
76
The three ways we feel touch is a combination of ______,_______,____, and ______
pressure warmth cold pain
77
What is important for human growth and happiness premature babies grow faster with it cognition influences our perception of this
touch
78
Pain is a __________experience
biopsychosocial
79
____ involves both bottom-up and top-down processing the signals go to spinal cord then to brain
pain
80
Type of biological influence that are sensory receptors that detect hurtful temps and chemicals respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending impulse to spinal cord, passing message on to brain, which interprets signal as pain
nociceptors
81
The spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. Small fibers carry pain messages to the brain, but the gate can block those messages with larger fibers that are activated at the same time. Ex. Rubbing area where you were injured
Gate-Control theory
82
Giving kids attention when they fall is an example of a _____influence on pain
Psychological
83
We tend to perceive pain when others seem to be experiencing pain We get cues on how to perceive pain from our culture's views on pain Fear, anxiety, sympathy, and memory can all intensify pain perception
Social-Cultural Influences on pain
84
What are two ways to control pain
distractions placebos
85
The chemical senses (taste and smell) work together and respond to _______ rather than ____
molecules energy (sound and light)
86
Taste =
gustation
87
What begins with our taste buds
gustation (taste)
88
Located on the papillae (bumps on tongue) with some on roof of your mouth and cheeks
Taste buds
89
What are the 6 types of tastes
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (savory or meaty) and Oleogustus (fats for energy, insulation and cell growth)
90
For survival we _____ sour and bitter while ______ sweet salty and umami
avoid desiring
91
Have dense taste buds (can be picky eaters)
supertasters
92
Have fewer taste buds (crave sweet and spicy foods)
undertasters
93
Smell =
olfaction
94
Olfaction (smell) is the most _____ of the senses because of how it travels to the brain
evocative (brings strong feelings)
95
Olfaction builb gathers ____ messages and sends them to the limbic system First the _____ and then the _________ Other senses go straight to the _____ this is why a smell can produce vivid memories
receptor amygdala (emotions) hippocampus (memories) thalamus
96
Our sense of smell peaks between ages ____ and ____. There is a marked decline after ____ explaining why older people can wear a lot of perfume
30 60 70
97
Molecules of substances rise into the air and are ____ into our noses Some eventually settle on the ___ ____ or top of each nostril and the chemical keys fit into receptor locks
drawn mucous membrane
98
Airborne chemical signals that animals uses to communicate with each other. Ex. dogs in heat send signals for mating
pheromones
99
_______sense is our experience of movement and balance.
vestibular
100
Three fluid filled canals in the ____ ear track our body orientation and as our heads change position, fluid in the canals move ______ cells that send impulses to the brain Ex. a roller-coaster can disrupt this fluid and send confusing signals to the brain like dizziness and nasea
inner hair
101
Our movement sense. Senses position and movement of individual body parts.
kinesthetic sense
102
Receptors in muscles and joints are combined with visual info ex. dancer, gymnast, football player
proprioception
103
Our senses are _____ Taste and smell vision and hearing
interconnected

AP Psych (12 decks)

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