Unit 2 Modules 2.1a-2.2b

Question 1

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Answer 1

Selective attention

Question 2

Ability to focus on one voice, while filtering out other distractions.

Answer 2

Cocktail Party Effect

Question 3

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Answer 3

Inattentional Blindness

Question 4

Failing to notice changes in the environment.

Answer 4

Change Blindness

Question 5

18 month video camera watched truckers and found that when they were texting, their risk of collision increased ___ times!!

Answer 5

23

Question 6

Through experience, we come to expect certain results. Those expectations may give us a perceptual set also known as ____-_____ ____________

Answer 6

top-down processing

Question 7

A predisposition to perceive things a certain way based on our expectations
Ex. We often tend to notice only certain aspects of an object or situation while ignoring other details

Answer 7

Perceptual set

Question 8

Motivation, culture, expectation, emotion, stereotypes, and context all influence our _________.

Answer 8

perception

Question 9

An organized whole
Looks at the human mind and behavior as a ______ rather than simply the sum of its parts
the whole may _______ the sum of its parts

Answer 9

gestalt
whole
exceed

Question 10

is our mind filling in the gaps
Ex. Assuming the road you are driving on will continue even though it disappears over a hill

Answer 10

perceptual Inference

Question 11

The Necker Cube is a good example of ___________ principle of _________.

Answer 11

Gestalt
closure

Question 12

The way our mind distinguishes an object from the background
can be represented as a visual perception but can apply to non-visual fields as well (at crowded party you are focused on what your friends is saying rather than the conversations around you)

Answer 12

figure-ground relationship

Question 13

Organizing stimuli into coherent groups
proximity
continuity
closure
similarity

Answer 13

grouping

Question 14

How we see depth and judge distance

Answer 14

Depth perception

Question 15

What are the 2 types of depth cues

Answer 15

Binocular cues (2 eyes)
Monocular cues (1 eye)

Question 16

________ cues are better for judging depth of close objects

Answer 16

binocular

Question 17

Retinal Disparity
Closer objects=larger ______ or noticeable difference
Your eyes compare two images to determine ________

Answer 17

disparity
distance

Question 18

Muscular tension that occurs when the eyes turn inward to provide depth cues
Closer objects=more __________

Answer 18

Convergence
convergence

Question 19

_______ cues are better for judging far off distances

Answer 19

monocular

Question 20

Relative size/height=higher and smaller objects seem to be _____

Answer 20

further

Question 21

Two parallel lines coming together in the distance

Answer 21

linear perspective

Question 22

further objects appear more smooth with less texture

Answer 22

texture gradient

Question 23

Items blocking other things appear closer

Answer 23

Interpositional cues

Question 24

We see hazy, blurry and unclear as farther away

Answer 24

Relative clarity

Question 25

When we are moving (in the car) stable objects seem to be moving

Answer 25

relative motion

Question 26

Occurs when the brain perceives movement when varied images are viewed rapidly (flip book)

Answer 26

stroboscopic movement

Question 27

Perceiving a series of still images in rapid succession as moving (Gestalt) illustrates stroboscopic movements can also illustrate afterimage

Answer 27

Phi phenomenon

Question 28

The illusory movement of a still spot of light in a dark room

Answer 28

Autokinetic effect

Question 29

We perceive objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images ________(top down processing)

Answer 29

change

Question 30

We can see the same color of shirt in a dark room and in the sunlight

Answer 30

color constancies

Question 31

We know that the brightness of a flower doesn't change even when the sun is going down

Answer 31

brightness constancies

Question 32

We know that the shape of the door doesn't change when our POV changes or know that a car isn't smaller when it is far away in a parking lot.

Answer 32

Shape and size contancies

Question 33

An optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is required. The visual cortex must develop neural networks to recognize things like faces and expressions Without early stimulation, the brain's neural organization does not develop normally

Answer 33

Critical period

Question 34

The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including artificially displaced or inverted visual field

Answer 34

perceptual adaptation

Question 35

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

Answer 35

Cognition

Question 36

Cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes. Ex. Student who use it to monitor and evaluate their learning perform better academically

Answer 36

metacognition

Question 37

type of thought that has a mental representation (picture your best friend)

Answer 37

images

Question 38

Type of thought that is abstract representations (words are more than simply their letters)

Answer 38

Symbols

Question 39

Type of thought that are labels for groups of similar items (cat is a symbol/prototype while an animal is a _______)

Answer 39

concept

Question 40

Type of thought that is an example of a concept (think of a vehicle, if you thought of car that is your _______)

Answer 40

prototype

Question 41

Jean Piaget proposed that children aren't stupid they just _________ _______ People develop in _______

Answer 41

learn differently stages

Question 42

Believed that what children can do intellectually depends on their specific cognitive level

Answer 42

Jean piaget

Question 43

A concept of framework that organizes, and creates rules used to interpret the world

Answer 43

schemas

Question 44

Children first use ________-interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas to group items together (dogs have four legs so everything with four legs is a dog)

Answer 44

Assimilation

Question 45

Changing your current schema to incorporate new information (learning that not all four legged animals are a dog and that horses are bigger and live on a farm)

Answer 45

accomodate

Question 46

The ability to create novel and valuable ideas

Answer 46

Creativity

Question 47

Finding the one correct answer

Answer 47

Convergent thinking

Question 48

Searching for multiple solutions. More closely associated with creativity

Answer 48

Divergent thinking

Question 49

Creativity overcomes ______ (thinking from one POV)

Answer 49

rigidity

Question 50

1. Expertise-learning 2. imaginative thinking skills 3. Venturesome personality 4. Intrinsic motivation 5. A creative environment

Answer 50

Creativity attributes

Question 51

The high level cognitive abilities that collectively allow us to solve problems and make decisions effectively

Answer 51

executive functions

Question 52

A methodical logical rule that guarantees the right solution (can be a formula or another foolproof method)

Answer 52

algorithm

Question 53

A rule of thumb that is usually true, but not always. These simple strategies are faster, but are more error prone-shortcuts

Answer 53

Heuristic

Question 54

A sudden realization of a problem solution - not strategy based

Answer 54

insight

Question 55

Trial and error is slow and deliberate, but can be useful depending on the ____ of problem. (does not need prior knowledge to start with and it is _______ focused)

Answer 55

type solution

Question 56

Searching for evidence to support our bias and ignoring evidence that does not

Answer 56

confirmation bias

Question 57

Approaching a problem a particular way (usually what worked before) - studying the same way you do in another class (reading without thinking about what you're reading)

Answer 57

mental set

Question 58

Fast, automatic feelings and thoughts. Based on our experience. Can lead us to overthink or underthink.

Answer 58

Intuition

Question 59

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Answer 59

fixation

Question 60

Only thinking of familiar functions for objects (not being able to find your hammer to drive in tent stakes, and continuing to search for it instead of just using another object like a rock)

Answer 60

Functional fixedness

Question 61

Can lead to snap judgements and poor decisions

Answer 61

heuristics

Question 62

Estimating the likelihood of events based on how fast they come to mind or their availability in memory. This causes you to fear things you shouldn't like airplanes and sharks

Answer 62

Availability heuristic

Question 63

Making judgement based on how well it matches your prototype (assuming man wearing a suit and carrying a briefcase must be a lawyer)

Answer 63

Representitiveness heuristic

Question 64

Distorts our judgment of risk. If instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common Ex. plane crashes, terrorist attacks, wild fires, etc.

Answer 64

Availability Heuristic

Question 65

Don't plan for enough time (study and income)

Answer 65

Planning Fallacy

Question 66

Stick to plan because we already invested

Answer 66

Sunk cost fallacy

Question 67

Holding a belief after it has been disproven

Answer 67

belief perserverance

Question 68

How info is presented changes our view of it

Answer 68

Framing

Question 69

Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions

Answer 69

Nudge