Flashcards in Unit 16 (Biotechnology) Deck (27):
1
what is the purpose of chemical treatments in DNA extraction?
Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst
2
What is "spooling" of the DNA
when The DNA is inherently sticky, and is pulled out of the mixture after chemical treatment
3
What is the purpose of Restriction Enzymes?
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
4
Why are Restriction enzymes useful?
Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments
5
Electrophoresis separates DNA based on what?
size and charge
6
The phosphate groups are _________ charged
negatively
7
DNA is placed in ___ and electricity is run through
gel
8
________ ___ is moved to the positive end
Negative DNA
9
_______ _________ move farther and faster
Smaller fragments
10
Purpose of dye molecules?
Dye molecules are large and stop the chain from growing
11
What is PCR
A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA
12
When did the Human Genome Project start?
1990
13
What is the purpose of the Human Genome Project?
Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes and map ever gene loci
14
How many nucleotides are there?
Over 3.3 billion nucleotides
15
Proteome
organism’s complete set of proteins
16
Only __ of human genome codes for proteins (exons)
2%
17
Other 98% (introns) are ___-______
non-coding
18
what are transposons?
pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes
19
What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)?
places where humans differ by a single nucleotide
20
how many SNP are there?
8 million
21
transposons make up how much of the human genome?
one half
22
cell differentiation
is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
23
Histones
are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA nucleosomes.
24
nucleosomes
structural units of DNA
25
oncogenes
a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.
26
telomere
a compound structure at the end of a chromosome.
27