Unit 1B - Environment And Evolution Flashcards
Why have desert animals adapted?
To save water and keep cool
Organisms can survive in many different environments because they have?
Adapted
What four ways have desert animals adapted?
- ) large surface area compared to volume
- ) efficient with water
- ) good in hot conditions
- ) camouflage
How does a large surface area compared to volume make an animal adapted for the desert?
It lets the desert animals lose more body heat which helps them to stop overheating
How are desert animals efficient with water?
They lose less water by producing small amounts of concentrated urine, and by making very little sweat
How are desert animals adapted to be good in hot conditions?
Thin layers of body fat and a thin coat to help them lose body heat
How and why are desert animals camouflaged?
They are usually a sandy colour to give them a good camouflage, this is to help them avoid predators or sneak up on prey
What are arctic animals adapted for?
To reduce heat loss
What three ways are arctic animals adapted to reduce heat loss?
- ) small surface area compared to volume
- ) well insulated
- ) camouflage
Why are arctic animals adapted so they have a small surface area compared to volume?
To reduce heat loss
How are arctic animals well insulated?
They have a thick layer of blubber for insulation, thick hairy coats keep body heat in, and greasy fur sheds water preventing cooling due to evaporation?
Other than as insulation what else is blubber for in arctic animals?
Acts as an energy store when food is scarce
How and why are arctic animals camouflaged?
They have white fur to camouflage with the snow, this is to avoid predators or to sneak up on prey
What are desert plants adapted for?
Having little water
What three ways are desert plants adapted to survive on only a little bit of water?
- ) small surface area compared to volume
- ) water storage tissues
- ) maximise water absorption
Why are desert plants adapted to have a small surface area compared to volume?
Plants lose water vapour from the surface of their leaves and so a smaller surfaces area means less water lost
Why do cacti have spines instead of leaves?
To reduce their surface area, which reduces water loss
How do desert plants maximise water absorption?
Some have shallow but long roots to absorb water quickly over a large area, others have deep roots to access underground water
What three ways are some plants and animals adapted to deter predators, give an example of an animal or plant with each?
- ) some plants and animals have armour - roses and tortoises
- ) others produce poisons - bees and poison ivy
- ) others have warning colours to scare off predators - wasps
What is an extremophile?
Microorganisms that have adapted to live in seriously extreme conditions like super hot volcanic vents, in very salty lakes or at high pressure on the sea bed
What are microorganism called that are adapted to live in extreme environments?
Extremophiles
What do plants need from their environment in order to survive and reproduce?
Light, space, water and minerals
What do animals need from their environment in order to survive and reproduce?
Space (territory), food, water and mates
The environment in which plants and animals live in changes all the time, what two factors is this due to?
Living on non living factors
What are the main four living factors that change the environment that plants and animals live in?
- ) a change in the occurrence of infectious disease
2) a change in the number of predators - ) a change in the number of prey or food sources
- ) a change in the number or types of competitors
What are the main three non living factors that change the environment that plants and animals live in?
- ) a change in average temperature
- ) a change in average rainfall
- ) a change in the level or water or air pollution
What are the three ways environmental changes can affect populations?
Population size increase, population size decrease and the population distribution changes
What does a change in distribution mean?
A change where the organism lives
If it easy or difficult to easily measure accurately how much the environment is changing?
Difficult
How can air pollution be monitored with a living indicator?
By looking at types of lichen that are very sensitive to the concentration of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere
If there is less lichen what does that tell you about the air?
It is polluted with a lot of sulphur dioxide
What living indicator can we he to measure water pollution?
When raw sewage is released into a river, the bacterial population in the water increases and uses up the oxygen, some animals like mayfly larvae are very sensitive to the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water, and if there isn’t a lot you won’t find many mayfly larvae
What animals would you expect to see in polluted conditions because that’s what they have adapted to survive in?
Rat tailed maggots and sludge worms
How do scientists measure the temperature of the sea surface and the amount of snow and ice cover?
With satellites
What can automatic weather stations tell us?
The atmospheric temperature
How can you find out how much the average rainfall changes year on year?
Measure the rainfall each year using rain gauges
What can scientist use to monitor how the level of water pollution is changing ?
They use dissolved oxygen meters, which measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water, the less oxygen the more polluted it is
What is the name of a feeding level in a pyramid of biomass?
Trophic level
What happens each time you go up a trophic level in a pyramid of biomass?
There’s less energy and less biomass and usually fewer organisms
What is an example why there isn’t always fewer organisms says you go up a trophic level in a pyramid of biomass?
500 fleas could be feeding on one fox
What does each bar in a pyramid of biomass show?
The mass of living material at each stage in the food chain
What is the source of energy for nearly all life on a earth?
The sun
How do green plants and algae use the energy from the sun?
They use it to make food during photosynthesis
Where is the energy made through photosynthesis and what happens to it when the plant is eaten?
Stored in the substances which make up the cells of plants and, it then works it way through the food chain as it is eaten
What supplies the energy for all life processes?
Respiration
How is most of the energy lost in mammals and bird?
It is lost of heat to the surroundings as mammals and birds have to have their bodies at a constant temperature which is normally higher than their surroundings
Other than through heat loss what two other ways is material and energy lost from mammals and birds?
Material which makes up mammals and birds is in edible and so it is lost and isn’t passed on, also energy energy and material is lost from the food chain in the organisms waste material
Give three reasons why most of the biomass is lost and so does not become biomass in the next level up in a pyramid of biomass.
- ) Energy is lost through heat
- ) Material is lost through in edible material like bones
- ) Energy and material is lost as waste material
Why do you hardly ever get food chains with more than five trophic levels?
So much energy is lost at each stage and so there’s nor enough energy left to support more organisms after the fifth level