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Botany (BIOL 231) > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

the structure that stores DNA in a eukaryotic cell

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2
Q

Nucleolus

A

the region in a prokaryotic cell that consists of DNA

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3
Q

Ribosome

A

protein making structure

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4
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

assists ribosomes in making proteins

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5
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

structure that produces lipids, phospholipids, and steroids

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6
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

transports molecules throughout the cell

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7
Q

chloroplast

A

performs photosynthesis in a plant cell

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8
Q

thylakoids

A

turns light energy into ATP and NADH

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9
Q

grana

A

the coin-looking things in a thylakoid

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10
Q

mitochondria

A

produces ATP in a cell

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11
Q

central vacuole

A

stores water and vitamins in a plant cell

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12
Q

primary cell wall

A

outermost cell wall in a vascular plant

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13
Q

secondary cell wall

A

innermost cell wall in a vascular plant

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14
Q

middle lamella

A

separates primary walls of adjacent cells

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15
Q

plasmodesmata

A

holes between cells in the cell wall; tunnels allowing movement between cells

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16
Q

meristem

A

region of cells capable of division and growth in plants

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17
Q

parenchyma

A

-most common differentiated cell type
-thin primary walls, usually no secondary cells
-changes shape to fill in gaps
-roots made of parenchyma
-performs photosynthesis, storage, secretion

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18
Q

collenchyma

A

-provides flexible support
-allows plants to bend but not snap
-young structures
-as plants get older, they deposit lignin into these cells
-thick primary walls, usually no secondary wall

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19
Q

sclerenchyma

A

-thick secondary walls
-lignified
-dead at maturity
-vascular tissue still runs through lignified tissue
-fibers & sclerids

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20
Q

lignin

A

chemical that makes wood

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21
Q

fibers

A

sclerenchyma

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22
Q

sclerids

A

sclerenchyma

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23
Q

simple tissues

A

-made from only one cell type
-ground tissue

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24
Q

complex tissues

A

-made from more than one cell type
-dermal tissue, vascular tissue

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25
Q

ground tissue

A

storage & support (most of cell made up of this)

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26
Q

dermal tissue

A

outermost protective parts
-epidermis

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27
Q

vascular tissues

A

conduction (water and sugars)

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28
Q

xylem

A

-transports water & minerals
-roots –> leaves
-vessel element, tracheid

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29
Q

tracheids

A

long, thin, and tapered (xylem)

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30
Q

vessel elements

A

short and wide, have pits, move water faster (xylem)

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31
Q

pits

A

allow flow of water and nutrients from one vessel element to the next

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32
Q

conduction

A

transmission of water and minerals

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33
Q

phloem

A

transports nutrients/sugars/food

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34
Q

sieve-tubes

A

food conducting members connected by sieve plate

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35
Q

companion cells

A

control sieve tubes

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36
Q

stele

A

primary vascular system of the plant axis and its associated ground tissues

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37
Q

microphylls

A

leaves w a single trace of vascular tissue

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38
Q

megaphylls

A

leaves with multiple traces of vascular tissue

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39
Q

homospory

A

1 bisexual spore

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40
Q

heterospory

A

1 male spore, 1 female spore

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41
Q

megaspore

A

female spore

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42
Q

microspore

A

male spore

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43
Q

sporocyte

A

a diploid cell that divides by meiosis to produce four haploid spores

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44
Q

microsporangium

A

produces microspores

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45
Q

microgametophyte

A

produces sperm

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46
Q

megasporangium

A

produces megaspores

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47
Q

megagametophyte

A

produces eggs

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48
Q

sori

A

cluster of sporangium

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49
Q

annulus

A

spring loads sporangium; springs open when it’s time to release spores quickly

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50
Q

indusium

A

covers sori; falls off when it’s time to release the spores

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51
Q

rhizome

A

anchors gametophyte

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52
Q

frond

A

fern leaf

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53
Q

pinnae

A

leaflet (fern)

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54
Q

rachis

A

main stem (fern)

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55
Q

fiddlehead

A

fern thing that unfolds into frond

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56
Q

prothallus

A

fern gametophyte

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57
Q

synangium

A

a 3-lobed sorus made up of sporangia variously united or cohered into a compound structure

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58
Q

tepetum

A

a layer of nutritive cells that invests the sporogenous tissue in the sporangium of vascular plants

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59
Q

strobili

A

reproductive structure which contains homosporous sporangia

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60
Q

microstrobili

A

simple; microsporophylls (scales) are attached to a central axis and have two microsporangia on their lower surface

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61
Q

megastrobili

A

female strobili; complex; have a seed-scale complex attached to the central axis attached to the central axis

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62
Q

microsporophyll

A

a leaf on which the microspores are formed

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63
Q

seed-scale complex

A

made up of only the two prophylls of the axillary shoot of the bract; has two ovules and a sterile bract consisting of fused megasporophylls

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64
Q

bract

A

Modified, usually small, leaflike structure often positioned beneath a flower or inflorescence

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65
Q

megasporophyll

A

a leaf on which the megaspores are formed

66
Q

nucellus

A

megasporangium surrounded by integuments

67
Q

integuments

A

skin-like protective structure around seeds

68
Q

pollination

A

the act of getting the pollen to the female
-female produces fluid to allow the pollen to stick
-pollen is brought through the micropyle to the megasporangium

69
Q

micropyle

A

a small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed

70
Q

prothallial cells

A

cells with no function in a pollen grain that differentiate

71
Q

microsporocyte

A

initiate meiosis to create 4 microspores

72
Q

microspore mother cell

A

microsporocyte

73
Q

tube cell

A

single cell in pollen grain that makes pollen tube

74
Q

generative cell

A

single cell in pollen grain that makes two sperm

75
Q

pollen

A

microgametophyte with 4 cells

76
Q

megasporocyte

A

divides by meiosis to create 4 haploid megaspores

77
Q

megaspore mother cell

A

megasporocyte

78
Q

pollen tube

A

delivers sperm cells to the female gametophyte for double fertilization

79
Q

polyembryony

A

multiple embryos are produced, but only one is supported by the plant

80
Q

seed coat

A

protective layer that comes from the integuments

81
Q

monoecious

A

having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual

82
Q

dioecious

A

having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals

83
Q

Phylum Lycopoiophyta

A

-homosporous example: Lycopodina sp.
-heterosporous example: Selaginella sp.
-microphylls
-has sporophylls

84
Q

Class Psilotopsida

A

-Phylum Monilophyta
-Psilotum sp. = whisk ferns
-enation: supports sporangia (called synangium)
-has synangium
-homosporous

85
Q

Class Equisetopsida

A

-Phylum Monilophyta
-Equisetum sp. = horsetails
-sends stalks underground and pops up new plants all over a garden
-have silica in their cell walls
-homosporous

86
Q

Class Polypodiposida

A

-Phylum Monilophyta
-true ferns
-corkscrew thing grows off fferns
-can be edible, poisonous, or halucinogenic
-fiddlehead & frond; cercinate vernation = unrolling of fiddlehead into frond

87
Q

Phylum Cycadophyta

A

-cycads
-one of the most ancient phyla of gymnosperms
-has cercinate vernation
-has strobili
-dioecious
-only gymnosperm to have flagellated sperm

88
Q

Phylum Ginkgophyta

A

-ginkgos (maidenhair tree)
-only 1 species
-may only be domesticated now
-dioecious
-deciduous

89
Q

Genus Ephedra

A

-Phylum Gnetophyta
-used to speed up heartbeet for diet & workout pills and is used to make meth
-most angiosperm-like
-Mormon tea
-Asian

90
Q

Genus Welwitschia

A

-phylum Gnetophyta
-Southwest African

91
Q

Genus Gnetum

A

-phylum Gnetophyta
-tropics
-looks similar to flowering plants

92
Q

Phylum Coniferphyta

A

-pines, cypress, juniper, redwood

93
Q

evolution of seed plants

A

-the megasporangium no longer release spores, they are retained (protects spores from drying out)
-reduction in the number of megasporocytes in the megasporangium to one
-survival of only 1 of the 4 megaspores to one
-endosporic development of the gametophyte
-spores growing into gametophytes, fertilization, and initial development of the new sporophyte all takes place in the parent sporophyte
-all are heterosporous

94
Q

Gymnosperm life cycle step one

A

strobili

95
Q

Gymnosperm life cycle step two

A

microgametogenesis: pollen production

96
Q

Gymnosperm life cycle step three

A

pollination - the act of getting pollen to the female

97
Q

Gymnosperm life cycle step four

A

megagametogenesis - egg production

98
Q

Gymnosperm life cycle step five

A

fertilization - two sperm take 15 months to race through the pollen tube; the first sperm that gets there fertilizes the egg and the second die

99
Q

Gymnosperm life cycle step six

A

seed production (1. embryo: product of fertilization, 2. food reserve: comes from megagametophyte tissue, 3. seed coat: protective layer that comes from integuments)

100
Q

fasicles

A

a bundle of vascular tissue

101
Q

peduncle

A

stem of flower

102
Q

pedicle

A

stem of an inflorescence

103
Q

inflorescence

A

collection of flowers on one stalk

104
Q

receptacle

A

base of the flower, where all parts attach

105
Q

sepal

A

protect flower when closed

106
Q

calyx

A

collection of sepals

107
Q

petal

A

“showy” parts, used for attraction

108
Q

corolla

A

collection of petals

109
Q

parianth

A

petals and sepals (corolla and calyx, more generally)

110
Q

androecium

A

male parts

111
Q

stamen

A

include anthers and filaments
-number of stamens varies per plant

112
Q

anther

A

produces pollen

113
Q

filament

A

supports anthers

114
Q

gynoecium

A

female parts of a flower

115
Q

pistil

A

ovary that is not chambered

116
Q

carpel

A

ovary that is chambered

117
Q

ovary

A

produces eggs

118
Q

ovule

A

organ that forms the seeds of flowering plants

119
Q

stigma

A

sticky tip where pollen is recieved

120
Q

style

A

the hollow tube connecting stigma to ovaries

121
Q

complete flower

A

flowers that consist of all of the available sterile parts

122
Q

perfect flower

A

bisexual flower

122
Q

bisexual flower

A

flowers that have both male and female parts

123
Q

incomplete flower

A

flowers that are missing some sterile parts

124
Q

unisexual flower

A

flower that only has male or female parts

125
Q

imperfect flower

A

unisexual flower

126
Q

superior ovary

A

ovary that attaches above receptacle

127
Q

inferior ovary

A

ovary that attaches inside receptacle

128
Q

actinomorphic

A

radially symmetrical

129
Q

zygomorphic

A

bilaterally symmetrical

130
Q

pollen sac

A

microsporangia

131
Q

intine

A

inner mostly cellulose wall of pollen grains

132
Q

extine

A

outer wall of pollen grain made of a protein called sporopollenin, which gives each pollen (by species) a unique shape

133
Q

sporopollenin

A

a protein that makes up the extine, which gives each type of pollen a unique shape

134
Q

antipodal end

A

end of ovary farthest from micropyle

135
Q

mycropylar end

A

end of ovary closest to micropyle

136
Q

polar nuclei

A

Two nuclei that migrate to the center of the embryo sac and fuse with a male nucleus (sperm) to form the primary endosperm nucleus which divides and sometimes forms the endosperm

137
Q

synergid

A

two specialized cells that lie adjacent to the egg cell in the female gametophyte of angiosperms and play an essential role in pollen tube guidance and function

138
Q

triploid endosperm

A

a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following double fertilization

139
Q

self-pollination

A

a flower pollinates itself

140
Q

cross-pollination

A

a flower pollinates another flower of the same species

141
Q

seed coat

A

develops from integuments

142
Q

monocot

A

a flowering plant with an embryo that bears a single cotyledon (seed leaf). Monocotyledons constitute the smaller of the two great divisions of flowering plants, and typically have elongated stalkless leaves with parallel veins

143
Q

eudicot

A

An angiosperm having two cotyledons in the seed, leaves with a network of veins radiating from a central main vein, flower parts in multiples of four or five

144
Q

imbibition

A

the absorption of one substance by another, in particular the uptake of water by a plant or seed

145
Q

radicle

A

the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root

146
Q

plumule

A

the rudimentary shoot or stem of an embryo plant

147
Q

cotyledon

A

an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.

148
Q

scutellum

A

a modified cotyledon in the embryo of a grass seed

149
Q

pericarp

A

3-layered structure of plant ovaries

150
Q

exocarp

A

outer layer of pericarp

151
Q

mesocarp

A

middle layer of pericarp

152
Q

endocarp

A

inner layer of pericarp

153
Q

simple fruit

A

develops from a pistil or a fusion of carpels

154
Q

aggregate fruit

A

type of complex fruit; develops from a single flower with nay carpels

155
Q

multiple fruit

A

develops from a carpel of many flowers in an inflorescence

156
Q

dehiscent

A

splits along a suture(s) at maturity

157
Q

indehiscent

A

does not split along a suture(s) at maturity

158
Q

suture

A

A line of fusion (e.g., the valves of the carpels of an ovary) or a line of dehiscence (e.g., the lines along which anthers or fruits open)

159
Q

dry fruit

A

has a hard pericarp

160
Q

fleshy fruit

A

has a soft pericarp

Botany (BIOL 231) (6 decks)

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