Unit 2 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Nucleus
A
the structure that stores DNA in a eukaryotic cell
2
Q
Nucleolus
A
the region in a prokaryotic cell that consists of DNA
3
Q
Ribosome
A
protein making structure
4
Q
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
assists ribosomes in making proteins
5
Q
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A
structure that produces lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
6
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
transports molecules throughout the cell
7
Q
chloroplast
A
performs photosynthesis in a plant cell
8
Q
thylakoids
A
turns light energy into ATP and NADH
9
Q
grana
A
the coin-looking things in a thylakoid
10
Q
mitochondria
A
produces ATP in a cell
11
Q
central vacuole
A
stores water and vitamins in a plant cell
12
Q
primary cell wall
A
outermost cell wall in a vascular plant
13
Q
secondary cell wall
A
innermost cell wall in a vascular plant
14
Q
middle lamella
A
separates primary walls of adjacent cells
15
Q
plasmodesmata
A
holes between cells in the cell wall; tunnels allowing movement between cells
16
Q
meristem
A
region of cells capable of division and growth in plants
17
Q
parenchyma
A
-most common differentiated cell type
-thin primary walls, usually no secondary cells
-changes shape to fill in gaps
-roots made of parenchyma
-performs photosynthesis, storage, secretion
18
Q
collenchyma
A
-provides flexible support
-allows plants to bend but not snap
-young structures
-as plants get older, they deposit lignin into these cells
-thick primary walls, usually no secondary wall
19
Q
sclerenchyma
A
-thick secondary walls
-lignified
-dead at maturity
-vascular tissue still runs through lignified tissue
-fibers & sclerids
20
Q
lignin
A
chemical that makes wood
21
Q
fibers
A
sclerenchyma
22
Q
sclerids
A
sclerenchyma
23
Q
simple tissues
A
-made from only one cell type
-ground tissue
24
Q
complex tissues
A
-made from more than one cell type
-dermal tissue, vascular tissue
25
ground tissue
storage & support (most of cell made up of this)
26
dermal tissue
outermost protective parts
-epidermis
27
vascular tissues
conduction (water and sugars)
28
xylem
-transports water & minerals
-roots --> leaves
-vessel element, tracheid
29
tracheids
long, thin, and tapered (xylem)
30
vessel elements
short and wide, have pits, move water faster (xylem)
31
pits
allow flow of water and nutrients from one vessel element to the next
32
conduction
transmission of water and minerals
33
phloem
transports nutrients/sugars/food
34
sieve-tubes
food conducting members connected by sieve plate
35
companion cells
control sieve tubes
36
stele
primary vascular system of the plant axis and its associated ground tissues
37
microphylls
leaves w a single trace of vascular tissue
38
megaphylls
leaves with multiple traces of vascular tissue
39
homospory
1 bisexual spore
40
heterospory
1 male spore, 1 female spore
41
megaspore
female spore
42
microspore
male spore
43
sporocyte
a diploid cell that divides by meiosis to produce four haploid spores
44
microsporangium
produces microspores
45
microgametophyte
produces sperm
46
megasporangium
produces megaspores
47
megagametophyte
produces eggs
48
sori
cluster of sporangium
49
annulus
spring loads sporangium; springs open when it's time to release spores quickly
50
indusium
covers sori; falls off when it's time to release the spores
51
rhizome
anchors gametophyte
52
frond
fern leaf
53
pinnae
leaflet (fern)
54
rachis
main stem (fern)
55
fiddlehead
fern thing that unfolds into frond
56
prothallus
fern gametophyte
57
synangium
a 3-lobed sorus made up of sporangia variously united or cohered into a compound structure
58
tepetum
a layer of nutritive cells that invests the sporogenous tissue in the sporangium of vascular plants
59
strobili
reproductive structure which contains homosporous sporangia
60
microstrobili
simple; microsporophylls (scales) are attached to a central axis and have two microsporangia on their lower surface
61
megastrobili
female strobili; complex; have a seed-scale complex attached to the central axis attached to the central axis
62
microsporophyll
a leaf on which the microspores are formed
63
seed-scale complex
made up of only the two prophylls of the axillary shoot of the bract; has two ovules and a sterile bract consisting of fused megasporophylls
64
bract
Modified, usually small, leaflike structure often positioned beneath a flower or inflorescence
65
megasporophyll
a leaf on which the megaspores are formed
66
nucellus
megasporangium surrounded by integuments
67
integuments
skin-like protective structure around seeds
68
pollination
the act of getting the pollen to the female
-female produces fluid to allow the pollen to stick
-pollen is brought through the micropyle to the megasporangium
69
micropyle
a small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed
70
prothallial cells
cells with no function in a pollen grain that differentiate
71
microsporocyte
initiate meiosis to create 4 microspores
72
microspore mother cell
microsporocyte
73
tube cell
single cell in pollen grain that makes pollen tube
74
generative cell
single cell in pollen grain that makes two sperm
75
pollen
microgametophyte with 4 cells
76
megasporocyte
divides by meiosis to create 4 haploid megaspores
77
megaspore mother cell
megasporocyte
78
pollen tube
delivers sperm cells to the female gametophyte for double fertilization
79
polyembryony
multiple embryos are produced, but only one is supported by the plant
80
seed coat
protective layer that comes from the integuments
81
monoecious
having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual
82
dioecious
having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals
83
Phylum Lycopoiophyta
-homosporous example: Lycopodina sp.
-heterosporous example: Selaginella sp.
-microphylls
-has sporophylls
84
Class Psilotopsida
-Phylum Monilophyta
-Psilotum sp. = whisk ferns
-enation: supports sporangia (called synangium)
-has synangium
-homosporous
85
Class Equisetopsida
-Phylum Monilophyta
-Equisetum sp. = horsetails
-sends stalks underground and pops up new plants all over a garden
-have silica in their cell walls
-homosporous
86
Class Polypodiposida
-Phylum Monilophyta
-true ferns
-corkscrew thing grows off fferns
-can be edible, poisonous, or halucinogenic
-fiddlehead & frond; cercinate vernation = unrolling of fiddlehead into frond
87
Phylum Cycadophyta
-cycads
-one of the most ancient phyla of gymnosperms
-has cercinate vernation
-has strobili
-dioecious
-only gymnosperm to have flagellated sperm
88
Phylum Ginkgophyta
-ginkgos (maidenhair tree)
-only 1 species
-may only be domesticated now
-dioecious
-deciduous
89
Genus Ephedra
-Phylum Gnetophyta
-used to speed up heartbeet for diet & workout pills and is used to make meth
-most angiosperm-like
-Mormon tea
-Asian
90
Genus Welwitschia
-phylum Gnetophyta
-Southwest African
91
Genus Gnetum
-phylum Gnetophyta
-tropics
-looks similar to flowering plants
92
Phylum Coniferphyta
-pines, cypress, juniper, redwood
93
evolution of seed plants
-the megasporangium no longer release spores, they are retained (protects spores from drying out)
-reduction in the number of megasporocytes in the megasporangium to one
-survival of only 1 of the 4 megaspores to one
-endosporic development of the gametophyte
-spores growing into gametophytes, fertilization, and initial development of the new sporophyte all takes place in the parent sporophyte
-all are heterosporous
94
Gymnosperm life cycle step one
strobili
95
Gymnosperm life cycle step two
microgametogenesis: pollen production
96
Gymnosperm life cycle step three
pollination - the act of getting pollen to the female
97
Gymnosperm life cycle step four
megagametogenesis - egg production
98
Gymnosperm life cycle step five
fertilization - two sperm take 15 months to race through the pollen tube; the first sperm that gets there fertilizes the egg and the second die
99
Gymnosperm life cycle step six
seed production (1. embryo: product of fertilization, 2. food reserve: comes from megagametophyte tissue, 3. seed coat: protective layer that comes from integuments)
100
fasicles
a bundle of vascular tissue
101
peduncle
stem of flower
102
pedicle
stem of an inflorescence
103
inflorescence
collection of flowers on one stalk
104
receptacle
base of the flower, where all parts attach
105
sepal
protect flower when closed
106
calyx
collection of sepals
107
petal
"showy" parts, used for attraction
108
corolla
collection of petals
109
parianth
petals and sepals (corolla and calyx, more generally)
110
androecium
male parts
111
stamen
include anthers and filaments
-number of stamens varies per plant
112
anther
produces pollen
113
filament
supports anthers
114
gynoecium
female parts of a flower
115
pistil
ovary that is not chambered
116
carpel
ovary that is chambered
117
ovary
produces eggs
118
ovule
organ that forms the seeds of flowering plants
119
stigma
sticky tip where pollen is recieved
120
style
the hollow tube connecting stigma to ovaries
121
complete flower
flowers that consist of all of the available sterile parts
122
perfect flower
bisexual flower
122
bisexual flower
flowers that have both male and female parts
123
incomplete flower
flowers that are missing some sterile parts
124
unisexual flower
flower that only has male or female parts
125
imperfect flower
unisexual flower
126
superior ovary
ovary that attaches above receptacle
127
inferior ovary
ovary that attaches inside receptacle
128
actinomorphic
radially symmetrical
129
zygomorphic
bilaterally symmetrical
130
pollen sac
microsporangia
131
intine
inner mostly cellulose wall of pollen grains
132
extine
outer wall of pollen grain made of a protein called sporopollenin, which gives each pollen (by species) a unique shape
133
sporopollenin
a protein that makes up the extine, which gives each type of pollen a unique shape
134
antipodal end
end of ovary farthest from micropyle
135
mycropylar end
end of ovary closest to micropyle
136
polar nuclei
Two nuclei that migrate to the center of the embryo sac and fuse with a male nucleus (sperm) to form the primary endosperm nucleus which divides and sometimes forms the endosperm
137
synergid
two specialized cells that lie adjacent to the egg cell in the female gametophyte of angiosperms and play an essential role in pollen tube guidance and function
138
triploid endosperm
a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following double fertilization
139
self-pollination
a flower pollinates itself
140
cross-pollination
a flower pollinates another flower of the same species
141
seed coat
develops from integuments
142
monocot
a flowering plant with an embryo that bears a single cotyledon (seed leaf). Monocotyledons constitute the smaller of the two great divisions of flowering plants, and typically have elongated stalkless leaves with parallel veins
143
eudicot
An angiosperm having two cotyledons in the seed, leaves with a network of veins radiating from a central main vein, flower parts in multiples of four or five
144
imbibition
the absorption of one substance by another, in particular the uptake of water by a plant or seed
145
radicle
the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root
146
plumule
the rudimentary shoot or stem of an embryo plant
147
cotyledon
an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.
148
scutellum
a modified cotyledon in the embryo of a grass seed
149
pericarp
3-layered structure of plant ovaries
150
exocarp
outer layer of pericarp
151
mesocarp
middle layer of pericarp
152
endocarp
inner layer of pericarp
153
simple fruit
develops from a pistil or a fusion of carpels
154
aggregate fruit
type of complex fruit; develops from a single flower with nay carpels
155
multiple fruit
develops from a carpel of many flowers in an inflorescence
156
dehiscent
splits along a suture(s) at maturity
157
indehiscent
does not split along a suture(s) at maturity
158
suture
A line of fusion (e.g., the valves of the carpels of an ovary) or a line of dehiscence (e.g., the lines along which anthers or fruits open)
159
dry fruit
has a hard pericarp
160
fleshy fruit
has a soft pericarp
