Unit 4 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Ecology
A
the study of how organisms interact with their environment
2
Q
Biotic
A
bacteria, plants, animals, fungi, protista
3
Q
Abiotic
A
atmosphere, temperature, water, soil, pressure, light
4
Q
Terrestrial
A
5
Q
Aquatic
A
6
Q
Temperature
A
7
Q
Precipitation
A
8
Q
Permafrost
A
9
Q
Intrinsic Factor
A
sex ratios, gestation/incubation period, age structure, clutch size, migration, frequency of reproduction, survivorship, age of first reproduction, parental care
10
Q
Extrinsic Factor
A
prey density, prey distribution, prey availability, parasites, disease, interspecific competition
11
Q
Dispersion/Distribution
A
how are individuals spread out in an area
A. uniform
B. random
C. clumped
12
Q
Demographics
A
trends in a population
13
Q
Immigration
A
join a population from elsewhere
14
Q
Emigration
A
leave a population to go elsewhere
15
Q
Migration
A
movement
16
Q
Species richness
A
17
Q
Abundance
A
18
Q
Diversity
A
19
Q
Lag Phase
A
less steep part of an exponential/logistic graph
20
Q
Exponential Phase
A
more steep part of an exponential/logistic graph
21
Q
Carrying Capacity
A
amount of resources available to the population
22
Q
Overshoot
A
when population size is too great for the amount of resources
23
Q
Dieback
A
when population size decreases after an overshoot
24
Q
Survivorship
A
the probability of a cohort surviving to their next life stage
25
Local vs global extinction
in a local extinction, species may die out from one area but be able to migrate from another area. in a global extinction, all species die out in all populations
26
Semelparity
a suicidal act of reproduction
27
Iteroparity
reproducing year after year
28
r-selected
lots of offspring, low survival rate, low parent support
29
K-selected
few offspring, high survival rate, high parent support
30
Altricial
hatched or born requiring care from parents
31
Precocial
hatched or born not requiring parental care
32
Density Dependence
population growth rates are regulated by population density
33
Density Independence
population growth rates are not regulated by population density
34
Keystone Species
a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically
35
Species Dominance
to the group of species that have the most significant influence or control over the other
36
Trophic Level
each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy
37
Producer/Autotroph
plants, algae
38
Consumer/Heterotroph
primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
39
Food Chain
bitch you should know what this is
40
Food Web
mf who doesn't know what a food web is
41
Succession
the change in either species composition, structure, or architecture of vegetation through time
42
Pioneer Species
the species that first colonize new habitats created by disturbance
43
Climax Species
plant species that can germinate and grow with limited resources
44
Primary Succession
when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time
45
Secondary Succession
happens when a climax community or intermediate community is impacted by a disturbance
46
Autogenous Environmental Change
changes caused by plants
47
Allogenic Environmental Change
changes caused by factors other than plants
48
Predation
49
Optimal Foraging
decisions a predator has to make when going after prey
50
Searching Time
time to find food
51
Handling Time
time to catch, subdue, and consume prey
52
Predation Time
time you are exposed to the other predators
53
Unpalatable Risk
risk food will taste bad or cause illness
54
Freezing
stopping all movement
55
Cover Seeking
ducking under object, slow movement
56
Fleeing
running away if they are fast enough
57
Chemical Defenses
exactly what it sounds like dumbass
58
Warning Structures
warn predators about poison or venom
59
Warning Coloration
bright colors or highly contrasting colors advertising a warning
60
Camouflage
ability to blend in with your surroundings
61
Cryptic Coloration
matching surrounding objects
62
Distortive Coloration
color patterns used to confuse
63
Countershading
camourlage from above and below
64
Batesian Mimicry
when a palatable/non-dangerous individual looks like an unpalatable/dangerous individual
65
Mullerian Mimicry
when two species resemble each other for the sake of numbers
66
Aggressive Mimicry
having lures to bring prey closer
67
Collective Mimicry
many small individuals group together to look like one big individual
68
Competition
when 2+ individuals attempt to use the same limited resources
69
Intraspecific Competition
competition between the same species
70
Interspecific Competition
competition between different species
71
Consumption
someone else is already eating the food
72
Preemption
territory is already occupied
73
Overgrowth
plants growing over each other preventing resource usage
74
Allopathy
the effects (stimulatory and inhibitory) of a plant on the development of neighboring plants through the release of secondary compounds
75
Territorial
negative interaction inside one's territory
76
Encounter
negative interactions inside one's territory
77
Competitive Exclusion
two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely
78
Resource Partitioning
the division of resources to avoid interspecific competition for limited resources in an ecosystem
79
Symbiosis
a relationship, for better or for worse between two or more individuals
80
Parasitism
one benefits while the other is harmed
81
Microparasite
small parasites
82
Macroparasite
large parasites
83
Ectoparasite
external parasite
84
Endoparasite
internal parasite
85
Kleptoparasite
steal prey from others
86
Nest Parasite
cowbirds
87
Direct Transmission
Where a healthy plant comes into contact with any part of a diseased plant
88
Indirect Transmission
when a plant becomes infected without any direct contact
89
Vector
the molecule which 'carries' foreign genetic material into another cell to be replicated and expressed
90
Mutualism
both individuals benefit
- can be obligatory, can just make life easier
91
Symbiotic Mutualism
obligatory coexistance (ex: nitrogen fixing prokaryotes and plants, protists in digestive tract)
92
Non-Symbiotic Mutualism
no coexistance but need each other for a function (ex: flowers and pollinators)
93
Commensalism
one individual benefits, the other is unaffected
94
Ammensalism
one is unaffected, the other is harmed
95
Neutralism
neither are affected
