Unit 2 Flashcards
0
Q
Society
A
A group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture
1
Q
What is culture?
A
The total knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of a specific group
2
Q
Ethnic group
A
Has an identity as a separate group of people within the region where they live
3
Q
Innovation
A
Taking technology that already exists to create something new to solve a problem
4
Q
Acculturation
A
Occurs when a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation
5
Q
Diffusion
A
The spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior
6
Q
Cultural divergence
A
Cultures become increasingly different over time
7
Q
Cultural hearth
A
A place from which innovations spread to many different cultures
8
Q
Dialect
A
Change in speech patterns due to location, class, or other cultural changes
9
Q
Religion
A
The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power
10
Q
Judaism
A
- Originated Middle East (Israel/Palestine)
- monotheistic
- afterlife
- Abraham
- Second Temple, Western Wall
- Synagogue, pray, Torah
11
Q
Christianity
A
- Middle East (Israel/Palestine)
- monotheistic (God/Holy Spirit/Jesus)
- afterlife
- Abraham, Paul
- Church, Bible, pray
12
Q
Islam
A
- Middle East (Palestine, Saudi Arabia)
- monotheistic
- afterlife
- Abraham, Allah, Muhammad
- Mecca, Medina
- mousqe, Qur’an, 5 Pillars of Faith
13
Q
Buddhism
A
- India
- no personal god
- reincarnation/karma
- lead moral life, meditate, gain wisdom
- Siddhartha Gautama
- Lumbuni, Bodhgaya, Saranth, Kushiarna
- diversity in worship
14
Q
Hinduism
A
- Pakistan
- monotheistic
- reincarnation
- Sri Shankaracharya
- Uttar Prade, Varanasi
- Diwali, Holi
- Vedie Texts, no set scripture
- diversity in worship
15
Q
Sikhism
A
- India/Pakistan
- monotheistic
- reincarnation/karma
- Guru Nanak, 10 other gurus
- Gurdwara, Diwali, baptism, Five K’s, Guru Granth Sahiv
16
Q
Birthrate
A
Number of live births per 1000 people
17
Q
Fertility rate
A
Average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime
18
Q
Mortality rate
A
Number of deaths per 1000 people
19
Q
Infant mortality rate
A
The death rate during the first year of life
20
Q
Rate of natural increase
A
Birthrate minus mortality rate equals natural increase/decrease
21
Q
Literacy rate
A
Percentage of people over 15 that can read or write
22
Q
Population pyramids
A
Chart that shows the sex and age distribution of a population
23
Q
Stage one population pyramid
A
High birth rates and high death rates with little to no population growth
24
Stage two population pyramid
High birthrates and lower death rates with increase in total population
25
Stage three population pyramid
Lower birthrates and lower death rates with decrease in slowed growth in total population
26
Stage four population pyramid
Low birthrates and low death rates with very slow or negative population growth
27
Population distribution
Why people live in certain places and not others
28
Habitable lands
Fair climate and access to water
29
Push/pull factors
Factors that cause people to want to move and where
30
Carrying capacity
Amount of people the land can support
31
Urban geography
The study of how people use the space around them
32
Suburbs
Smaller cities or towns that develop next to a city, or next to another suburb
33
Exurb
A town that still has space between the next suburb
34
Metropolitan Aera
Cities, suburbs, and exurbs that make up an area
35
Megalopolis
Two or more metropolitan areas that have grown together
36
Urbanization
Trend throughout the world to move to cities
37
City location
Near natural resources and transportation
38
Types of land use
Residential, industrial, and commercial
39
Central business district (CBD)
Core of the city
40
Ring theory
Small, organized city that has ring-shaped districts
41
Sector theory
A city developed in sections
42
Multiple nuclei theory
Unorganized city developed in sectors
43
Urban sprawl
A city continues to expand outward with little thought or planning
44
Smart growth
Revitalizing the city from the inside
45
Population density
A measurement of population per unit area or unit volume
46
Slum
A squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people
47
State
An area with a political boundary (country)
48
Nation
Compromised of a group of people that share a territory, identity, and a strong sense of unity
49
Nation-state
When a nation and state occupy the same territory
50
Stateless nation
When a nation does not have an official territory
51
Natural boundaries
Created by physical environment
52
Artificial boundaries
Made up by people
53
Government
Control and administration of a public policy in a political unit
54
Democracy
People hold the power
55
Monarchy
Ruling family headed by king or queen
56
Dictatorship
Individual or group that has all the power
57
Communism
Government and economic system. All political power and means of production are held by the government
58
Junta
Military led form of government
59
Oligarchy
ruled by a group of very powerful people
60
Theocracy
Ruled by a religious leader and usually governed by religious law
61
Economics
The study of how individuals, businesses, and states make things, buy things, spend money and save money
62
Infrastructure
Economic support system
63
Goods
Things people make
64
Services
Things that people do for others
65
Levels of economic activity
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
66
Primary economic activity
Mainly raw materials
67
Secondary economic activity
Processing and manufacturing
68
Tertiary economic activity
Business and professional services
69
Quaternary economic activity
Information and intellectual services
70
Subsistence agriculture
Grows for their needs only
71
Commercial agriculture
Grows and sells in massive amounts
72
Cottage industry
Small scale manufacturing
73
Commercial industry
Large scale manufacturing
74
Traditional economy
* Trade/barter is common
* no money exchanged
* usually based in subsistence agriculture and cottage industry
* custom and tradition determine many aspects
75
Free enterprise (capitalism, free market, market)
* Supply and demand
* Limited government interference
* commercial agriculture and industry
76
Command economy
* Cooperation instead if competition
* government controlled
* creates a lack of incentives
77
Socialism (mixed economy)
* most important goods producing businesses are government controlled
* smaller businesses are privately owned
* goal is to fairly distribute income
* basic needs are met through free or low cost services
78
Natural resources
Comes from the earth, can be used in commerce as a good
79
Renewable resources
Resources from the earth that can be replaced
80
Nonrenewable resources
Natural resources that are irreplaceable or hard to replace
81
Inexhaustible resources
Something that will always be around
82
Per capita income
Entire income of population divided by each individual
83
Gross national product (GNP)
Tells how much a country makes within the entire world
84
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Tells how much a country makes
85
Land locked
Almost or entirely surrounded by land; having no coastline or sea port
86
Economic system
The system of production, distribution, and consumption
87
Population paradox
Developed countries have a declining population while under developed countries have an increasing population
