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Bio 114 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how many copies of chromosomes do you have in your body cells?

A

2 copies

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2
Q

where do the 2 copies of chromosomes come from in your body cells?

A

mom and dad

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3
Q

what are these matching chromosomes called?

A

homologous chromosomes

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4
Q

what is controlled by the SRY gene on the Y-chromosome?

A

sex determination

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5
Q

when the cell is not preparing to divide, the genetic material is in the form of what?

A

chromatid

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6
Q

2N

A

diploid

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7
Q

N

A

haploid

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8
Q

how many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46 (23 pairs)

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9
Q

how many autosomes are there in a human?

A

44 (22 pairs)

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10
Q

how many sex chromosomes are there in a human?

A

2 (1 pair)

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11
Q

how many chromosomes are in an egg/sperm/gamete cell?

A

23 (haploid)

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12
Q

XX

A

female

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13
Q

XY

A

male

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14
Q

what determines the sex of a baby?

A

the dads sperm

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15
Q

conserves the chromosome number, makes diploid cells, used for growth and repair, forms 2 daughter cells, daughter cells are identical to parent cells, daughter cells are identical to each other

A

mitosis

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16
Q

reduces/halves the chromosome number, makes haploid cells, creates gametes, forms 4 daughter cells, daughter cells are different from parent cells, daughter cells are different from each other

A

meiosis

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17
Q

the step where chromosomes condense

A

prophase

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18
Q

the step where chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell

A

metaphase

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19
Q

the step where chromosomes split at the centromere and separate the sister chromatids

A

anaphase

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20
Q

the step where there are 2 nuclei located in one cell

A

telophase

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21
Q

when the cell plate separates plant cells

A

cytokinesis

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22
Q

when the animal cells are separated

A

cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)

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23
Q

what makes sure that cells divide only when it is helpful and making sure that damaged cells don’t make daughter cells

A

checkpoint proteins

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24
Q

this occurs when cells break away from an initial tumor to establish tumors somewhere else

A

metastasis

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25
separates sister chromatids to produce cells where each chromosome is represented by only one strand of DNA
meiosis II
26
there are 2 haploid daughter cells after this process
meiosis I
27
when does crossing over occur?
prophase I (meiosis)
28
a segment of DNA that transmits information form parent to offspring
gene
29
in DNA, what are the 4 hydrogen bases
adenine, thynine, guanine, and cytosine
30
what hydrogen bases can pair with each other in DNA?
adenine and thymine; guanine and cytosine
31
when a DNA molecule is copied, what does it contain?
1 copy of old DNA (from parent) and 1 copy of new DNA
32
what is any permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
mutation
33
if you have 20% A's and 30% G's, what percentage of T's and C's do you have?
20% T's, 30% C's
34
the full name of DNA
Deoxirobo Nucleic Acid
35
the full name of RNA
Ribo Nucleic Acid
36
what makes up a nucleotide?
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and a hydrogen base (only the hydrogen bas can be different for each nucleotide)
37
in RNA, what are the 4 hydrogen bases?
adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
38
in RNA, what hydrogen bases can pair with each other?
adenine and uracil; guanine and cytosine
39
since all of our bodily cells have the exact same DNA, how do we have different types of cells, tissues, etc
because the DNA "turns on" certain genes in order to make the different things
40
what is the flow of genetic information
DNA --> RNA --> protein
41
transfers DNA info into an mRNA molecule (occurs in nucleus)
transcription
42
what do each letters transfer to from the DNA to the mRNA
A to U T to A C to G G to C
43
groups of 3 on the mRNA
codon
44
what does translation change mRNA into (in cytoplasm or surface of rough ER)?
a chain of amino acids
45
what does tRNA do with its anticodons
matches up with the codons to transfer amino acids to make a protein
46
what letters match up to make tRNA
A to U U to A G to C C to G
47
a cloned animal has the same genetic info as which donor?
somatic cell donor
48
if DNA is exposed to synthetic chemicals or radiation, what happens?
more mutations occur
49
does a base pair substitution mutation in a gene always result in a different protein?
no
50
an individuals observable traits (physical appearance)
phenotype
51
the different pairs of alleles after a punnet square
genotype
52
2 identical alleles
homozygous
53
2 different alleles
heterozygous
54
used for predicting the result of genetic crosses between organisms of known genotypes
punnet squares
55
a blending of 2 different phenotypes
incomplete dominance
56
where are sex linked traits found
on the X sex chromosomes
57
are male or females more affected by sex linked traits
males
58
for blood type, which letters are dominant, which are recessive?
A=dominant B=dominant (both equally dominant) O=recessive
59
this syndrome is caused by an error in meiosis which produces an egg/sperm with 2 copies of a chromosome
down syndrome
60
what are the most inherited disorders that run in families
recessive disorders since the there can be carriers of that disorder to give it to the next generation
61
what is used in vitro fertilization patients after the egg is fertilized but before they implant the embryo in the mother?
Preimplantation diagnosis
62
what is used after the mother is pregnant with the baby?
Amniocentesis and Chorionic Sampling

Bio 114 (3 decks)

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