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BIOL 1000 (Exam 1) > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

Unit 2 (64 cards)

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1
Q

Any substance that has mass and occupies space

A

matter

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2
Q

The smallest unit of organization that retains chemical properties of an element

A

atom

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3
Q

What are the components of an atom?

A

proton, electron, and neutron

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4
Q

Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

A

proton

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5
Q

Neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom

A

neutron

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6
Q

Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus

A

electron

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7
Q

1-2 letter symbol for an element (O- Oxygen, C- Carbon)

A

atomic symbol

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8
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus (Carbon-6, Oxygen-8)

A

atomic number

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9
Q

The number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus

A

atomic mass

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10
Q

How are electrons organized into orbits?

A

1st orbit: 2 electrons
2nd orbit: 8 electrons
3rd orbit: 8 electrons

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11
Q

Atoms that have an unequal number of protons and electrons; all carry an electrical charge

A

ion

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12
Q

Cation carries a _____ charge.

A

positive

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13
Q

Anion carries a _____ charge

A

negative

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14
Q

In order to change the charge of an atom, you change that number of ___

A

electrons

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15
Q

Elements with a variable number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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16
Q

A group of atoms joined by energy

A

molecule

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17
Q

atoms are held together by shared electrons e.g., the water molecule

A

covalent bonds

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18
Q

The strongest bond

A

covalent bonds

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19
Q

Atoms are held together by electrical charge e.g., sodium chloride

A

ionic bond

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20
Q

Atoms/molecules are held together by partial electrical charges

A

hydrogen bond

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21
Q

Molecules held together by complementary shape or ephemeral electrical charges

A

vander waals bond

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22
Q

What are the important characteristics of water?

A

heat storage, density, heat of vaporization, cohesion and adhesion, and solvent

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23
Q

The hydrogen bonds in bodies of water allow it to resist changes in heat

A

heat storage

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24
Q

Water is more dense as a liquid than as a solid

A

density

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25
Water "absorbs" heat before individual molecules are liverated carrying energy from the body
heat of vaporization
26
Because water is a polar molecule water molecules adhere to other substances that carry an electrical charge
cohesion and adhesion
27
Many polar substances readily dissolve in water
solvent
28
Infrequently, the covalent bond holding oxygen to hydrogen in the water molecules breaks; oxygen retains the shared electron and assumes a negative charge, and hydrogen assumes a positive charge
ionization of water
29
A substance that increases the concentration of H+
acid
30
A substance that decreases the concentration of H+
base
31
Pure water has a pH of 7, sea water has a pH of 8. How many times more alkaline is sea water than pure water?
10x
32
Any substance that mitigates changes in the pH of a substance
buffer
33
Consist of carbon backbone, and are fundamental to life
organic molecules
34
Large assemblages of atoms organized into biologically important units
macromolecules
35
Molecular subunits that may be bonded to similar units and manufacture macromolecules
monomer
36
Generic term for molecule that consists of monomers
polymer
37
Removal of -H and -OH groups to join monomers; reaction catalyzed by an enzyme
dehydration reaction
38
Breaking a polymer by adding -H or -OH groups
hydrolysis
39
What is the function of carbohydrates?
energy storage, and cell structure. animals: short term plants: long term
40
Covalent bond between carbohydrate monomers created by dehydration synthesis
glycosidic bond
41
Simple sugars; carbohydrate monomers
monosaccharide
42
Two monosaccharides connected by dehydration synthesis
disaccharide
43
Many monosaccharides connected by dehydration synthesis
polysaccharide
44
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide
45
What is the function of lipids?
energy storage, cell membrane, communication. animals use lipids as long term energy storage
46
Covalent bonds between glycerol and fatty acids created by dehydration synthesis
ester bond
47
What are the three different types of lipids?
tryglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
48
Dietary fats; glycerol and 3 fatty acids
tryglycerides
49
Semi permeable cell membrane
phospholipids
50
Used for communication
steroids
51
What is the function of protein?
catalyze reactions (enzymes), transportation, structure, defense
52
Covalent bond between two protein monomers created by dehydration synthesis
peptide bond
53
Monomer of proteins
amino acid
54
What is the primary structure of protein?
sequence of amino acid in a protein
55
What is the secondary structure of protein?
regional shape of protein created by hydrogen bonding
56
What is the tertiary structure of protein?
3D shape of protein
57
What is the quarternary structure of protein?
interaction with other protein subunits
58
Most important characteristic of the protein; determines biological function of the protein
protein shape
59
The loss of protein shape
denaturation
60
What is the function of nucleic acids?
information storage
61
Covalent bond between the monomers of nucleic acids created by dehydration synthesis
phosphodiester bond
62
Monomer of nucleid acids
nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)
63
Located in nucleus or nucleoid region; stores info about protein shape
DNA
64
Used to convey information about protein shape from nucleus organelle that constructs protein
RNA

BIOL 1000 (Exam 1) (4 decks)

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