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BIOL 1000 (Exam 1) > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

Unit 3 (82 cards)

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1
Q

Who observed cell walls by viewing a cross section of cork with a homemade microscope?

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

What is cell theory?

A

all organisms consist of at least one cell, and cells are the simplest form of organization that demonstrates all attrubutes of life

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3
Q

What are the attributes of life?

A

metabolism, reproduction, respiration, responsive
(all cells come from other cells)

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4
Q

The ability to conervert energy of one form to another

A

metabolism

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5
Q

The ability to produce genetically similar copies of self

A

reproduction

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6
Q

The ability to exchange gases in the environment

A

respiration

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7
Q

_____ to changing environmental conditions

A

responsive

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8
Q

The nucleus must be able to effectively communicate with all organelles in the cell

A

communication within the cell that constraints to size

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9
Q

The cell exchanges chemicals, nutrients, and waste with the environment; the cell membrane is the medium across which material diffuses

A

surface to volume ratio

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10
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

selectively pass substances into and out of the cell
allows: chemicals and nutrients into the cell
prevents: toxic substances from entering and important substances from leaving

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

the plasma membrane is described as a fluid mosaic bilayer of chemical compounds

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12
Q

The membrane consists of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol

A

mosaic

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13
Q

Have a polar head and hydrophobic tail; prevent diffusion of polar compounds across the membrane

A

phospholipids

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14
Q

Acts as a buffer against changes in temperature

A

cholesterol

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15
Q

Function as receptors, anchors, transporters, and identity markers

A

proteins

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16
Q

Cells that lack internal membrane (i.e., no nucleus)

A

prokaryotic cells

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell

A

capsule: protective outer polysaccharide layer
cell wall: layer of carbohydrates between capsule and plasma membrane
plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer
no nucleus: instead have a nucleoid region
ribosome: organelles that manufacture proteins

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18
Q

Cells that include membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

Define the types of structures of eukaryotic cells

A

external membrane: fluid mosaic plasma membrane
DNA organelles: control processes and perform metabollic processes; nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
endomembrane: simple membrane sacs involved in cellular processes; endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome
cytoskeleton: provide internal support transportation

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

store information and regulate cellular information

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21
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

two layers of plasma membrane connected by protein pores that regulate the flow of information

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22
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

convert macromolecules into chemical energy

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23
Q

What is the stucture of the mitochondria?

A

two layeres of plasma membrane ; inner layer than outer layer

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24
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

use solar energy to make macromolecules

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25
What is the structure of the chloroplast?
at least three layers of plasma membrane
26
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
rough ER and smooth ER
27
What is the function of the rough ER?
manufacture proteins that are transported from the cell
28
What is the structure of the rough ER?
networks of membrane sacs embedded with ribosomes
29
What is the function of the smooth ER?
manufacture lipids and carbs, and detoxifying poisons
30
What is the structure of the smooth ER?
network of membrane sacs with OUT ribosome
31
What is the function of vesicles?
transport substances within the cell
32
What is the structure of vesicles?
membrane sac
33
What is the function of ribosomes?
manufacture proteins
34
What is the structure of ribosomes?
RNA supported by proteins
35
What is the function of golgi apparatus?
collects, completes, and distrubutes molecules manufactured by the cell
36
What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
network of flattened membrane sacs
37
What is the function of lysosomes?
identify and digest malfunctioning cellular components
38
What is the structure of lysosomes?
membrane sac that contains digestive enzymes
39
What is the function of peroxisomes?
detoxifies harmful molecules converts fats to carbs in plants
40
What is the structure of peroxisomes?
membrane sac with specialized chemicals and enzymes
41
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
microfillaments, intermediate tubules, microtubules, vacuole
42
What is the function of microfillaments?
responsible for cell shape; facilitates cell division and amoeboid movement
43
What is the structure of microfillaments?
smallest cytoskeletal element; helical rod that consists of actin subunits
44
What is the function of intermediate tubules?
provide structural support
45
What is the structure for intermediate tubules?
overlapping tetramer proteins aggregated into bundles
46
What is the function of microtubules?
intracellular movement of cell products
47
What is the structure of microtubules?
tubes of a and B tubulin protein subunits, centriole is involved
48
What is the function of centriole?
assembles microtubules; becomes basal boddy for flagella and cilia
49
What is the structure of centriole?
consists of 9 triplets of microtubules
50
What is the function of vacuole?
primarily for storage; may be used to rapidly evert water
51
What is the structure of vacuole?
membrane sac
52
What is amoeboid movement?
cellular crawling
53
What is cellular swimming?
uses cilia or flagella
54
What is flagerall structure?
9+2 arrangement of microtubules
55
What are microtubules?
associated with motor proteins; moved radial microtubules relative to central tubule
56
What are the functions of microtubules?
intracellular movement of cell products
57
What is the function of a centriole?
assembles microtubules; becomes basal body for flagella and cilia
58
What is the function of a vacuole?
primarily for storage; may be used to rapidly evert water
59
What is amoeboid movement?
cellular crawling
60
Associated with myosin proteins push and pull against the plasma membrane
microfilaments
61
What does cellular swimming use?
uses cilia or flagella
62
9+2 arrangment of microtubules
flagellar structure
63
Associated with motor proteins; moves radial microtubules relative to central tubule
microtubule
64
Consists of the structural polysaccharide cellulose
cell walls
65
Which cell wall is produced while the cell is still growing? It is thin and pliable.
primary cell wall
66
Which cell wall is produced between cell membrane and primary cell wall; thick and rigid?
secondary cell wall
67
Which cell wall is a sticky substance that adhered adjacent cells together?
middle lamella
68
Adheres adjacent cells together; constists of collagen, elastin, and fibronectin
extracellular matrix
69
What is fibronectin?
attach proteins of extracellular matrix to the cell
69
What are collagen and elastin?
fibrous proteins that form a protective layer
70
Diffusion, substance will follow a concentration gradient without energy investment from cell
passive movement
71
Small molecules may pass freely across the cell membrane
nonpolar substances
72
Require channel protein
polar substances
73
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across the membrane; affects cell shape and health
74
Pulls water from the cell (e.g., salt water)
hypertonic solution
75
No net movement of water across the membrane
isotonic solution
76
Moving a substance against its concentration gradient, requires investment of cellular energy
active transport
77
Moves large amounts of a substance into or out of a cell
bulk transportation
78
Moving larger quantities INTO the cell (i.e., water, food)
endocytosis
79
Moving larger quantities OUT OF the cell (i.e., waste)
exocytosis
80
Which member of the cytoskeleton is responsible for the shape and amoeboid movement?
microfilament
81
Passive movement of a substance requires an energy investment by the cell. True or False?
false

BIOL 1000 (Exam 1) (4 decks)

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