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AP Psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

Cognition (87 cards)

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1
Q

Cognition

A

Mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.

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2
Q

Perception

A

Mental process of organizing sensory input into meaningful patterns.
Able to process 1-10 million bit of info per second.

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3
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Begin with stimulus, simulus influence what we perceive; data driven.
(process stimuli first and analyze later)

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4
Q

Top down processing

A

Uses background knowledge to influence perception; theory driven.
(Starts with memories, experiences, and motivations)

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5
Q

Context (Top down processing)

A

Cues around stimuli that help give meaning.

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6
Q

Expectations (Top down processing)

A

Preconceived ideas of what will happen.

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7
Q

Cultural Effects (Top down processing)

A

Not all culture (subculture) receive stimuli the same.

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8
Q

Perceptual set

A

top-down processing where we are programed to perceive one thing over another based on a
collection of experiences, expectations and motivations.
(Quickly see stimuli)

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9
Q

Schemas

A

mental framework that helps us organize and interpret information.
(Build on one another)

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10
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

School of thought that focuses on how the brain processes whole patterns rather than one stimuli.

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11
Q

Figure and ground perception

A

Figure is what we focus on; ground is the background stimuli.

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12
Q

Closure

A

We fill in missing pieces.

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13
Q

Proxmity

A

We see lines in 3 sets rather than 6 lines.

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14
Q

Similarity

A

We group similar shapes.

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15
Q

Attention

A

an interaction of sensation and perception that is affected by both internal and external factors
(Ability to flip between multiple task)

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16
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focusing on one stimuli

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17
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

ability to focus/filter out a particular stimulus amongst many.

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18
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

focusing on one stimuli so intensely that we miss other stimuli.

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19
Q

Change Blindness

A

inability to see changes in the environment because focus is elsewhere.

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20
Q

Depth Percption

A

Being able to see the world in 3D
(Visual Cliff)

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21
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

A

the use of both (bi) eyes to help judge depth and distance

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22
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

difference between images projected to the retina

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23
Q

Convergence

A

merging and comparing of the visual stimuli by both retina by the brain.
(higher convergence = Smaller)

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24
Q

Monocular Depth Cues

A

depth perception cues
that only require one eye

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25
Relative Clarity
closer objects clearer while further away objects look blurry
26
Texture Gradient
the closer an object appear to have more texture
27
Linear Perspective
parallel lines that appear to move closer
28
Interposition
partially blocking of one object by another that allows one you perceive that the blocked object is further away.
29
Relative size
Something further looks smaller
30
Perceptual Constancy
ability to perceive objects as unchanged even as the changes may occur in point of view
31
Apparent Movement
visual perception of movement when objects are not actually moving
32
Metacognition
Thinking about the way we think
33
Concepts
Mental groupings of similar objects
34
Prototypes
mental image or the best example of a concept
35
Assimilation
interpretation of new experiences based off of existing schemas
36
Accommodation
adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new experiences
37
Executive functions
set of cognitive processes that help manage and coordinate our thoughts and actions
38
Heuristics
mental shortcuts that use past experiences and generalizations
39
Representative Heuristics
judging based on how well “it” seems to fit/match our preconceived notions
40
Availability Heuristics
judging based on memory availability
41
Confirmation bias
looking for evidence that we’re right and ignore contradicting evidence
42
Mental set
approach decision making based on past experiences, habits
43
Priming
exposing people to stimuli that unconsciously influences behavior and decisions
44
Framing
way information is worded/presented influences
45
Three General steps for memory
1. Encoding (get memory to the brain) 2. Storage (keeping the info) 3. Retrieval ( Recalling the info)
46
What are the two types of long term memory? (Plus Definition)
Explicit: Knowing that Implicit Knowing how
47
Explicit Memory
retention of facts and experiences that we consciously KNOW (Episodic and Semantic)
48
Episodic Memories
Stories of our lives (personal experinces)
49
Semantic Memories
Everyday common knowledge (not Personal Experiences)
50
Implicit Memories
Memories we retain without effort (learned skills) (Procedural and Prospective)
51
Procedural memories
(riding a bike, typing, tying shoes, solving equations) Not affected by amnesia Retrieved through priming Occurs in the Cerebellum
52
Prospective memories
Where future tasks are remembered (turning in a paper, going to practice, Homework)
53
Long-term Potentiation
the neural basis for learning and memory; the increase in a neuron’s firing potential after stimuli
54
Basal Ganglia
Neurons help create and maintain habits
55
Working Memory
part of STM responsible for temporarily holding and processing information
56
Central Executive (working memory model)
main component * Responsible for coordinating other cognitive processes * Allocates attention
57
Phonological loop (working memory model)
deals with auditory and verbal information; has two subcomponents
58
Visuospatial Sketchpad (working memory model)
responsible for processing visual and spatial information
59
Episodic Buffer (working memory model)
temporary storage system that integrates phonological and visuospatial into a single representation
60
What are the stages of the Multi-store model?
Sensory memory-> Short Term memory-> Long Term Memory
61
Iconic memory
Visual images
62
Echoic memory
Auditory signals
63
Levels of processing theory
Critique of multi-store processing that believes long-term memory is more complicated
64
Shallow processing
trying to memorize/learn without attaching meaning; more likely to forget
65
Deep processing
using elaborate rehearsal and meaning analysis of new concepts
66
Structural encoding (Levels of processing theory)
encoding the physical characteristics; focus is superficial without meaning (leads to shallow processing)
67
Phonemic Encoding (Levels of processing theory)
processing the sound and pronunciation of the stimulus; deeper than structural but still quite shallow
68
Semantic Encoding (Levels of processing theory)
processing stimuli and its relationship to other information stored in memory; deep processing
69
Method of loci
converts then items to be remembered into mental images and associates them with specific positions or locations
70
Serial Position Effect
We tend to remember the first and last bit of info we receive.
71
Recency effect
Tendency to remember info presented at the end
72
Primary effect
Tendency to remember first bit of info
73
Amnesia
Condition where you forget all or some of your memory.
74
Retrograde Amnesia
Forgetting events that occured before injury
75
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to create long term memories (live in the present)
76
Alsheimers
Degenerative diese in which memories are progressive
77
State-dependent Memory
suggests you’re more likely to recall memories if you’re in the same internal physical state
78
Mood-congruent Memory
suggests you’re more likely to recall memories that are formed when moods are genuine and authentic (not temporary states)
79
Context-Dependent memory
suggests you’re more likely to recall information if you’re in the same environment as when you learned it
80
Retroactive interference
New memories impair the ability to recall old ones.
81
Proactive Interference
Old memories interfere with the recall of more recent memories.
82
Constructive memory
integrating new information, beliefs or experiences
83
Imagination inflation
phenomenon where repeatedly visualizing an event increases belief that event happened (when it did not)
84
Early Intelligence Theory
testing focused on identifying the components of intelligence
85
Modern Intelligence theory
adopted a more inclusive approach * Acknowledges the complexity and diversity of human cognitive abilities
86
Triarchic Theory of intelligence
Practical (ability to solve everyday problems) Analytical (Academic problem solving) Creative (innovative problem solving)
87
Flynn Effect
Generational phenomenon where average IQ score keep going up so they reset the mean to match that.

AP Psychology (4 decks)

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