unit 2 Flashcards
(43 cards)
What were the main issues faced by the Catholic Church by the 1500s?
- Political entanglement
- Accumulation of wealth
- Corruption
Corruption examples include simony, nepotism, and the sale of indulgences.
Define simony.
The buying and selling of church offices.
Simony is named after Simon Magus, who tried to buy spiritual power.
Who was Martin Luther?
An Augustinian monk and Christian humanist who challenged the Church’s practices.
Luther’s teachings emphasized salvation by grace alone through faith.
What is the central belief of Martin Luther regarding salvation?
Salvation comes by grace alone through faith.
This belief is based on the Book of Romans.
What was the significance of the 95 Theses?
It criticized Church corruption and called for reform.
Posted on October 31, 1517, on the Wittenberg church door.
What event led to Martin Luther’s excommunication?
His refusal to recant at the Diet of Worms in 1521.
Luther famously stated, ‘Here I stand, I can do no other.’
How did the printing press impact the spread of Luther’s ideas?
It allowed his ideas to spread rapidly through books, pamphlets, and broadsides.
By 1520, 300,000 pamphlets circulated.
What is predestination in John Calvin’s theology?
The belief that God has already chosen who will be saved.
Calvin’s ideas spread to various groups, including the Huguenots and Presbyterians.
What was Calvin’s Geneva known for?
It became a theocracy with strict laws and enforced church attendance.
Activities like dancing and drinking were banned.
What did the Anabaptists believe?
- Adult baptism
- Separation of church and state
- Pacifism
They opposed infant baptism and were persecuted for their beliefs.
What triggered the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?
The marriage of Charles IX’s sister to Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot.
The massacre resulted in 10,000–20,000 Huguenots being killed.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
It declared Catholicism as the official religion of France but granted Huguenots freedom of worship.
Issued by Henry IV in 1598.
What did the Peace of Augsburg (1555) establish?
It allowed rulers to choose between Lutheranism or Catholicism.
However, it did not recognize Calvinism.
What sparked the Thirty Years’ War?
The Defenestration of Prague, where Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out of a window.
This was a reaction to Ferdinand II’s closure of Lutheran churches.
List the four phases of the Thirty Years’ War.
- Bohemian Phase
- Danish Phase
- Swedish Phase
- French Phase
Each phase had distinct conflicts and alliances.
What was the outcome of the Peace of Westphalia (1648)?
- Ended Europe’s religious wars
- Legalized Calvinism
- Weakened HRE emperor
- Strengthened local rulers
- Ended idea of unified Christendom
It marked a significant shift in European political and religious dynamics.
What was one major action taken during the Catholic Reformation?
The Council of Trent (1545–1563) addressed corruption and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine.
It reaffirmed key doctrines such as transubstantiation and papal authority.
What role did the Jesuits play in the Catholic Reformation?
They became the Church’s elite spiritual and educational force.
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, they focused on education and missions.
What does ‘Querelle de femme’ refer to?
The debate on women’s ability to be educated and their roles in society.
Perspectives varied, with some claiming women were inferior and others attributing inferiority to lack of education.
What was the social system where men hold dominant roles called?
Patriarchy.
Women were largely excluded from politics and economics.
What was the impact of witchcraft beliefs during this period?
Witchcraft was linked to the devil, leading to the execution of 40,000–60,000 individuals, mostly women.
75% of executions occurred in the Holy Roman Empire.
What characterized Mannerism in art?
Distorted figures, emotional intensity, and vibrant colors.
An example is Michelangelo’s The Last Judgment.
What is Baroque art known for?
Ornate, dramatic, and emotional styles used to inspire awe.
An example is Peter Paul Rubens’s Elevation of the Cross.
What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?
Addressed corruption and reaffirmed doctrine (seven sacraments, papal authority, transubstantiation)
The Council of Trent (1545–63) was a key part of the Catholic Reformation, aimed at countering Protestant challenges.
