UNIT 2 : (2.6) Transport Systems In Animals

Question 1

What do are cells need a constant supply of?

Why?

Answer 1

Nutrients and oxygen for respiration and other cell processes

Question 2

What must cells get rid of?

Why?

Answer 2

Wastes like carbon dioxide

Toxic if built up

Question 3

How is nutrients transported in mammels?

Answer 3

Blood transports materials to and from cells

Question 4

What does the circulatory system consist of?

Answer 4

Blood vessels - tubes
The heart - a pump
Blood - liquid

Question 5

What does the circulatory system transport?

Answer 5

Nutrients
Gases
Wastes
Hormones

Question 6

What is blood made up of?

Answer 6

Plasma 55%

Blood cells 45%

Question 7

What is plasma?

Answer 7

Watery, yellowish fluid which contains various dissolved substances such as glucose and amino acids

Question 8

What are the different types of blood cells and function ?

Answer 8

Red blood cells - transport oxygen
White blood cells - defending body against disease
Platelets - tiny cell fragments involved in clotting

Question 9

What is plasma responsible for?

Answer 9

Transporting substances around the body to be delivered to cells that need them

Question 10

What are red blood cells responsible for?

Answer 10

Transporting oxygen efficiency in the form of oxyhaemoglonin

Question 11

What features of a red blood cell allow it to do its function?

Answer 11

Biconcave - more surface area for oxygen
Lack nucleus - more space for oxygen
Contains haemoglobin - binds to oxygen

Question 12

What happens when red blood cells pass through the lungs?

Answer 12

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglonin. It is then transported into the blood

Question 13

What happens when a red blood cells reaches its target tissue?

Answer 13

Oxyhaemoglonin releases oxygen and becomes haemoblobin. Released oxygen is free to enter cells to be used

Question 14

What is the equation for oxygen transport in red blood cells?

Answer 14

Haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglonin

Question 15

What is our immune system?

Answer 15

Network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against attack

Question 16

What are pathogens?

Answer 16

Disease causing micro-organisms

Question 17

What are examples of pathogens?

Answer 17

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi

Question 18

What are white blood cells responsible for?

Answer 18

Destroying pathogens

A part of immune system

Question 19

What are the two types of white blood cell?

Answer 19

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

Question 20

What organelles do white blood cells contain?

Answer 20

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Question 21

How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?

Answer 21

By engulfing and digesting them

Question 22

What is the first stage in the action of phagocytes?

Answer 22

The phagocyte is chemically attracted to the pathogen

Question 23

What is the second stage in the action of phagocytes?

Answer 23

The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen

Question 24

What is the third stage in the action of phagocytes?

Answer 24

The pathogen contained within a vacuole is digested by enzymes contained within a structure called a lysosome

Question 25

What is the forth step of the action of phagocytes?

Answer 25

The pathogen is destroyed

Question 26

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 26

Powerful digesting enzymes within the vacuole digesting the pathogen

Question 27

How do Lymphocytes help the immune system?

Answer 27

Help destroy pathogens by producing proteins called antibodies specific to the particular pathogen. Antibodies bind onto the antigens on the pathogen and destroy it

Question 28

Why can be said about shape of antibodies?

Answer 28

Each antibody is specific to a particular pathogen as the antibody is complementary in shape to the proteins on the surface of the pathogen (antigens)

Question 29

What type of circulatory system is in the human heart?

Answer 29

Double circulation - blood flows twice through the heart for each complete circuit

Question 30

What can be said about the structure of the heart?

Answer 30

Two separate sides | Each side has 2 hollow Chambers

Question 31

What are the four chamber of the heart?

Answer 31

``` Two atrium ( RA, LA) Two Venticles ( RV, LV) ```

Question 32

Why does the heart have 4 valves?

Answer 32

To prevent the back flow of blood

Question 33

What do the major blood vessels of the heart do?

Answer 33

- Carry blood into and out of the heart - Connect to all parts of the body - Veins return blood under low pressure back to the heart - arteries take blood under high blood pressure away from the heart

Question 34

Summarise the blood flow through the heart

Answer 34

Body (deoxygenated blood) - > Vena cova - > Right atrium - > right ventricle - > pulmonary artery - > lungs (oxygenated blood) - > pulmonary vein - > left atrium - > left ventricle - > aorta - > body

Question 35

How is the heart blood supply provided? | Where is it seen?

Answer 35

Coronary arteries seen outside the heart

Question 36

Where does the coronary arteries branch off?

Answer 36

Aorta

Question 37

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 37

Networks which carry blood through the tissues and allow the exchange of materials at a cellular level

Question 38

What is the function and features of the artery?

Answer 38

- A vessel which carries blood away from the heart | - thick muscular wall and a narrow central channel

Question 39

What is a pulse?

Answer 39

Blood forced along the arteries at a high pressure

Question 40

What is the function and features of capillaries?

Answer 40

- They form networks at tissues and organs to allow efficient exchange of materials - thin walled and large surface area ( allows diffifusion to take place)

Question 41

What do capillaries join up to?

Answer 41

Join up into a vein to carry blood away from a tissue

Question 42

What is the function and features of a vein?

Answer 42

- A vessel which carries blood back to the heart - wall is thinner - wider channels - valves to prevent backflow of blood - low pressure

Question 43

What vessels and chamber contain oxygenated blood?

Answer 43

- left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - pulmonary vein

Question 44

Where are valves located?

Answer 44

Between the atria and ventricles | Pulmonary artery and aorta