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Biological Anthropology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Primatology

A

Study of non-human primates

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2
Q

Homologies

A

Similarities of organisms from common ancestry

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3
Q

Analogies

A

Convergent evolution

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4
Q

Strepsirhini

A

(Prosimians) Lemurs and Lorises

Nocturnal, no color vision, ALL ENDANGERED

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5
Q

Haplorhini

A

(Anthropoid) tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans

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6
Q

Platyrrhines

A

(New World Monkeys) small, arboreal, prehensile tail, quadrupeds

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7
Q

Catarrhines

A

(Old World Monkeys)

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8
Q

Colobines and Cercopithecines

A

downward facing nostrils, ischial callosities, double-ridged molars, most are terrestrial, non-prehensile tails, sexual dimorphism

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9
Q

Hominoidea

A

Apes and Humans

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10
Q

Gibbons and Siamangs

A

Sexual dimorphism, solitary, monogamous, nuclear families, brachiation, fruit eaters, mated pairs/sings

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11
Q

Orangutans

A

Vegetarians, arboreal, sexual dimorphism, less social, polyandrous (females have multiple mates)

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12
Q

Gorillas (lowland and mountain)

A

Vegetarians, sexual dimorphism, knuckle walkers, polygynous families, inclusive fitness (silverbacks will die defending the group) ENDANGERED

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13
Q

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes- common & Pan paniscus- bonobos)

A

Knuckle walkers, nest in trees, less sexually dimorphic, omnivorous, polygynous, mate only during estrus cycle

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14
Q

Sociality

A

Hallmark of nearly all the haplorhine primates and a fundamental behavioral adaptation

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15
Q

Proximate Causes

A

Hormonal or physiological reason to act

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16
Q

Reasons for sociality

A

Access to mates, food, predator avoidance

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17
Q

Behavioral Ecology

A

Studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior

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18
Q

Taphonomy

A

The study of what happens to the remains of an animal from the time of its death to the time of its discovery

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19
Q

Trace fossils

A

Tracks of an animal

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20
Q

Coprolites

A

Fossilized feces

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21
Q

Era

A

Largest division of geologic time

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22
Q

Period

A

Divisions of eras

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23
Q

Epoch

A

Divisions of periods

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24
Q

Relative Dating

A

Tells us how old something is in spatial relation to something else

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25
Provenience
A fossil location
26
Lithostratigraphy
Using rock layer characters to correlate across regions
27
Tephrostratigraphy
Using volcanic ash by chemical fingerprints to correlate across regions
28
Biostratigraphy
Draws on the first appearance of an organism in the fossil record, that organisms evolutionary development over time and the organisms extinction to correlate across regions
29
Radiocarbon Dating
Uses the amount of carbon 14 available in living creatures to determine the time of death by counting half lives (5,730 years)
30
Potassium-Argon Dating
Dates volcanic materials by measuring radioactive emissions (1.3 billion years)
31
Fission Track Dating
Micrometer-sized damage tracks are created in minerals and glasses that have minimal amounts uranium. These tracks accumulate at a fixed rate.
32
Cenozoic Era
65 MYA Rise of Mammals Most land masses are tropical or subtropical, mammals replaced reptiles as dominant land animal class, flowering plants become more common which leads to more insects
33
Paleocene Epoch
65 MYA | Primate-like mammals
34
Eocene Epoch
54 MYA | Prosimians
35
Oligocene Epoch
38 MYA | Anthropoids & Monkeys
36
Miocene Epoch
23 MYA | Apes
37
Pliocene Epoch
5 MYA | hominids
38
Pleistocene Epoch
2 MYA | Ice Age
39
Holocene Epoch
11 KYA
40
Visual Predation Theory
Binocular vision, grasping and reduced claws developed because they allowed for capture of insects.
41
Teilhardina asiatica
(55 MYA) found in China, skull with small eyes, active during day, developed enough to suggest earlier ancestor
42
Purgatorius
A euprimate, less specialized teeth, small eyes indicating active during day, prognathic face less pronounced
43
Adapid family
Probable ancestor of strepsirhines. Small eye sockets, slow moving quadruped, eats fruits down leaves, no dental comb
44
Omomyid Family
May contain the common ancestor for tarsiers and anthropoids, diverse, ate insects and fruit, quadrupeds and leapers
45
Darwinus masillae
(47 MYA) discovered in 2009, 95% complete skeleton, adapid with no grooming claws or dental comb
46
Early Anthropoids
(55-45 MYA) most numerous, lived in trees, ate fruits and seeds, fewer teeth, smaller snout, forward eyes and larger brain
47
Parapithecidae
Ancestral to New World Monkeys, three premolars in each quadrant
48
Oligopithecidae
Earliest known with fused frontal bone and post orbital closure, three premolars
49
Propliopithecidae
Ancestors of Catarrhines
50
Aegyptopithecus
Famous ancestor, same tooth pattern as old world monkeys, transitional creature (Anthropoid into Hominoid) small brain and body, looks like link between Monkeys and Apes
51
Oligocene Catarrhines
(38-23 MYA) Old World Monkeys, Apes and Humans
52
Victoriapithecus
One of the first to become terrestrial, longer/lower skull, sagittal crest
53
Early Miocene Hominoidea
Preconsul~> most abundant and successful anthropoids of early Miocene. Includes three species: P. africanus, P. nyanzae, P. major Teeth similar to living apes, but below neck more like monkeys
54
Morotopithecus
(20.6 MYA) possible last common ancestor of Great Apes & Humans, short-stiff back of living apes and suspensory shoulder anatomy unlike monkeys
55
Middle Miocene Hominoidea
(17 MYA) spread widely through Europe, Africa, Asia but diversity declined. Afropithecus, Kenyapithecus, Equatorius in Africa Sivapithecus in Asia
56
Sivapithecus
(13 MYA) Brachiation, facial and dental similarities to Orangutans, may be ancestral
57
Gigantipithecus
(~400 KYA) 9 ft tall, 660 lbs, all fossils are of teeth and jaw, ate bamboo, coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia
58
Oreopithecus
Probable ancestor of gibbons and siamangs, partial upright walking capability, on hominin line but unique
59
Pryopithecus
(12-8 MYA) Europe, anatomy that is like primitive Preconsul and gibbons, one nearly complete skeleton and many teeth, jaws and an upper arm bone
60
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
(7-6 MYA) earliest evidence of upright walking, discovered in 2001 in Chad, ape-like brain, sloping face, prominent brow ridge, elongated skull, small canine teeth, spinal cord opening at base of skull
61
Orrorin tugenensis
(6 MYA) central Kenya, discovered in 2001. Femur shows muscle attachments for walking upright.
62
Ardipithecus kadabba
(5.8-5.5 MYA) discovered in 1997, ancestor of australopithecines. Ape-like in size, anatomy and habitat. Direct evidence of upright walking.
63
Australopithecines anamensis
(4.2-3.9 MYA) first discovered in Kenya in 1994, bipedal, shin shows expanded area for support, human-like ankle joint, long forarms and wrist features indicate climbing
64
Australopithecines afarensis
(3.9-2.9 MYA) Discovered in Afar, Ethiopia in 1974. "Lucy", large jaws and teeth, bipedal, sexually dimorphic, ape-like face with small canines Laetoli Footprints
65
Australopithecines africanus
(3-2.5 MYA) rounder cranium with larger brain, smaller teeth, long arms, sloping face. Discovered at Olduvai Gorge. "Taung Child" - discovered in 1924, small skull, bipedal, 3 years old at death
66
Paranthropus aethiopicus
(2.7 MYA) defined by black skull, discovered in 1985, very small cranium, large jaws and teeth, sagittal crest.
67
Paranthropus boisei
(2.3 MYA) nutcracker man, 520 cc cranium, large teeth and sagittal crest
68
Paranthropus robustus
(1.8 MYA) 150 lbs, Heavy jaws and teeth, 530 cc cranium, gorilla-like sagittal crest

Biological Anthropology (3 decks)

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