Unit 2

Question 1

Social change

Answer 1

Changes in the way society is organized, and the beliefs and practices of the people who live in it

Question 2

Developed and developing countries

Answer 2

Developed countries: the roughly 30 industrialized nations of the world

Developing countries: the roughly 180 nations that have little or no industry, where most of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood

Question 3

Invention

Answer 3

New products, ideas and social patterns that affect the way people live

Question 4

Discovery

Answer 4

Finding something that was previously unknown to a culture

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

The spread of ideas, methods, symbols and tools from one culture to another

Question 6

Enculturation

Answer 6

The process by which members of a culture learn and internalize shared ideas, values and beliefs

Question 7

Attitudes

Answer 7

What people think and believe

Question 8

Behaviors

Answer 8

Measurable actions, thoughts or feelings displayed by humans

Question 9

Cognitive consistency

Answer 9

The desire to avoid attitudes that conflict with each other, which generally results in the ability to live more satisfying lives

Question 10

Cognitive dissonance theory - what is it, provide an example and how can you avoid it?

Answer 10

The theory that people try to avoid conflicts b/w what they think and what they do

For example: you smoke but you know smoking is bad for you. You are experiencing dissonance, what you do conflicts with what you think

The only way to avoid this is to change your behavior or change your attitudes.

Question 11

Reductionist

Answer 11

Believing that a single factor causes social change

Question 12

Determinist

Answer 12

A person who believes that a specific factor will determine the entire outcome of the social change that takes place

Question 13

Patriarchy

Answer 13

A place historically designed for the convenience of men, and structure according to rules that men find comfortable; men dominate most institutions and use this position to oppress women

Question 14

Norms

Answer 14

Customary types of behavior; specific rules that outline what is considered to be standard behavior for a role

Question 15

Exogenous versus endogenous

Answer 15

Exogenous: foreign; coming from a society other than the one being studied

Endogenous: coming from within the society being studied

Question 16

Hunter-gatherer

Answer 16

People who travel across a given territory collecting plants and hunting animals; also called foragers

Question 17

Interaction

Answer 17

Contact with other cultures

Question 18

Acculturation

Answer 18

Prolonged contact b/w two cultures, during which time they interchange symbols, beliefs and customs

Question 19

Incorporation

Answer 19

Acculturation through free borrowing of ideas and symbols from one culture to another

Question 20

Directed change

Answer 20

Acculturation through dominance of one culture over another, forcing the defeated to change aspects of its culture, or its entire culture

Question 21

Cultural evolution

Answer 21

The belief that cultures evolve in common patterns, moving from hunter-gathering cultures to industrialized states in predictable stages

Question 22

Ideology

Answer 22

A structured philosophy against which all actions and events are judged

Question 23

Longitudinal studies

Answer 23

Studies in which a group of people is tracked over a long period of time, sometimes even incorporating the group’s children into the study as they come along

Question 24

Experimental psychology

Answer 24

The branch of psychology that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations; deals with measuring and explaining human behavior

Question 25

Clinical psychology

Answer 25

The branch of psychology that develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioral disorders

Question 26

Behavior modification

Answer 26

Theories of psychologists attempting to determine the methods that can successfully change or modify problem human behavior

Question 27

Negative/positive reinforcement

Answer 27

Negative: punishment of people who do something of which society disapproves Positive: rewarding of people who display what society considers good behavior

Question 28

Neurosis

Answer 28

A category of mental disorder in which the patient has feelings of high levels of anxiety or tension in managing our daily lives

Question 29

Psychosis

Answer 29

A category of mental disorder in which the patient has lost touch with the real world, and may suffer from delusions or hallucinations

Question 30

Paranoia

Answer 30

A category of mental disorder in which the patient suffers from irrational thoughts of persecution or foreboding

Question 31

Schizophrenia

Answer 31

A complex mental disorder that leads to feelings of distress and social isolation

Question 32

Anti-social personality disorder

Answer 32

Category of mental disorder, characterized by a habitual pattern of rule-breaking and harming others

Question 33

What is operant conditioning and who theorized it?

Answer 33

The psychological theory that learning can be programmed by whatever consequence follows a particular behavior (repeat rewarded behaviors, avoid punishable behaviors aka the basis of reinforcement) B.F. Skinner invented this theory by conducting experiments on creatures like rats.

Question 34

Personal/collective unconscious

Answer 34

Personal: Collective:

Question 35

Introverts versus extroverts

Answer 35

Introverts: a term for people who use their psychological power to look inward, becoming emotionally self-sufficient Extroverts: a term for people who use their psychological power to draw close to other people, and rely on them for much of their sense of well being

Question 36

Self-actualization

Answer 36

Term for the final stage of human needs, in which a person integrates the self, making the personality whole

Question 37

Tension and adaptation: what is it and how is equilibrium restored?

Answer 37

The structural functionalist’s belief that social change results from a process of tension between one aspect of society and the rest When something changes, tension arises between the change and everything else. Once it has adapted, equilibrium will be restored.

Question 38

Accumulation

Answer 38

The belief that social change results from the growth of human knowledge from generation to generation

Question 39

Diffusion of innovations

Answer 39

The sociological theory that social change is caused by the emergence of innovations in society

Question 40

Pluralistic societies

Answer 40

Societies in which minorities maintain their cultural traditions

Question 41

Capitalism

Answer 41

An economic system dependent on private investment and profit-making

Question 42

Core

Answer 42

Term for rich countries at the center of international trade

Question 43

Periphery

Answer 43

Term for poor countries, far from the center of international trade

Question 44

Semi-periphery

Answer 44

Term for medium wealth countries that are b/w the center and the edges of international trade

Question 45

Private sphere

Answer 45

The parts of our lives that are generally private

Question 46

Discourses

Answer 46

The set of topics and the way of describing them that is used by a group of people with a common interest

Question 47

Textual discourse

Answer 47

Communication through symbols such as written words, movie roles, paintings and photographs, as opposed to face-to-face communication

Question 48

What are the sources of cultural change?

Answer 48

Invention (cars, stereo, phones), discovery (aliens, civilizations) and diffusion (herbal remedies, culture)

Question 49

What are the five adaptation processes? Briefly explain them and include examples.

Answer 49

Diffusion: one culture borrows cultural symbols from another (religions spread) Acculturation: prolonged contact b/w 2 cultures where they interchange symbols, beliefs and customs Incorporation: acculturation through free borrowing of specific ideas or symbols from one culture to another (Chinese food, K-pop) Directed change: acculturation through dominance of one culture over another, forcing the defeated to change its culture (residential schools) Cultural evolution: the belief that cultures evolve in common patterns, moving in predictable stages (all societies go through a religious phase)

Question 50

Explain directed change in depth. Include examples.

Answer 50

Directed change is acculturation through dominance of one culture over another, forcing the defeated to change its culture Residential schools for example were used as a way of Canadian culture taking over and extinguishing aboriginal culture. First Nation children were forced into schools where they were mentally and physically abused until they abandoned their culture. This had lasting effects on aboriginal culture and Canadian culture is still attempting to repair the damage caused.

Question 51

What does anthropologist Sherry Ortner day about social change? (3)

Answer 51

She believes that men and women must work together to achieve social change and rectify the social imbalance in society It stems from social class Change is generational

Question 52

Why do we, as humans, change our minds?

Answer 52

We attempt to achieve cognitive consistency, we are uncomfortable when two attitudes conflict and will change out attitudes to coincide with others

Question 53

What is the “Skinner box”

Answer 53

An experiment by B.F. Skinner Rats were placed in metal cages containing levers that they learned to press for food and water.

Question 54

Explain behavior modification and the stages of change theory. What are the 6 stages of change?

Answer 54

There are many theories on how to change behavior, either to get rid of bad habits or start good habits. The stages of change model is one way that psychologists believe behavior can be modified. 1. Pre-contemplation (they will deny or refuse they have a problem) 2. Contemplation (they will question whether they should change) 3. Preparation (they will investigate the effects of their problem) 4. Action (they will commit to the process) 5. Maintenance (they’ll find transitions to avoid their problem) 6. Termination (the change is complete and the problem is gone)

Question 55

What did Carl Jung say we are conditioned by?

Answer 55

Personal unconscious and collective unconscious Personal unconscious: your own understanding of the world (maybe you almost drowned when you were younger so now the sea represents danger) Collective unconscious: the community understanding of the world (the sea symbolizes adventure and sustenance as it gives fish and allows us to travel)

Question 56

What did Abraham Maslow theorize?

Answer 56

He organized human needs into a hierarchy, anywhere from basic survival needs to need for love and esteem When we satisfy one need in the hierarchy, we are not satisfied. We just need to satisfy the next need in the hierarchy. The highest level is self-actualization, where a person integrates the self, making the personality whole. They dedicate themselves to serving others

Question 57

What did Marion Woodman theorize?

Answer 57

She writes that all humans have grown up in a patriarchy and men and women alike must free themselves from these holds in order to strengthen relationships and solve societal problems

Question 58

In what three categories do psychologists classify mental disorders?

Answer 58

Neuroses: high levels of anxiety or tension in managing daily life Psychoses: lost touch with real world, experiencing delusions or hallucinations Anti-social personality disorder: rule breaking, harming others, no empathy, lying

Question 59

What is the DSM? What is it a major change from? What are the latent and manifest functions?

Answer 59

The diagnostic statistical manual It is used to not only explain mental disorders (what they are, demographics, prevalence, what disorders it could be mistaken for) but to list diagnostic data in order to be used as criteria for diagnosis It is a major change over form the treatment of electrocution and waterboarding to treat people with mental disorders Manifest: allows for easier diagnosis; gives consistent diagnostic criteria Latent: allows criminals to convince the courts they are mentally ill for lesser sentences; allows people to practice “amateur medicine”

Question 60

What are the four patterns of behavior?

Answer 60

1. Direction of change: positive or negative? 2. Rate of change: slow, moderate or fast? 3. Sources: what factors are behind the influences of change in society? 4. Controllability: how can it be controlled? Can it be controlled?

Question 60

What are the six factors of social change?

Answer 60

Geography: Canada has lots of freshwater rivers which stimulated waterside trade External events: urban development in Canada started after Canada participated in WW1 Human factors: Canadian economy developed immensely after WW2 cause women began participating in the work force Cultural pluralism: Syrian refugees immigrate to Canada and maintain their traditions but accept basic Canadian values Technology: insulin invention enabled hundreds of thousands of diabetics to work Aboriginal communities: Canadian culture has changed due to the revival of indigenous populations

Question 62

What does Immanuel Wallerstein say about elite groups and colonization as factors of social change in concern to economy?

Answer 62

elite groups are skilled and educated people with access to development funds, and who are in a position of influence Colonization is the establishment of control over indigenous people Immanuel Wallerstein rejected the belief that these groups kept poor countries poor because they lacked quality and energy (lack of leadership). He also rejects colonialism as a factor that makes countries rich. He states capitalism is the key to getting poor countries rich

Question 63

Who is Thelma McCormack?

Answer 63

A sociologist who theorized about the gender gap, where men vote conservative and women vote liberal, characteristically

Question 64

Who is W.E.B. Du Bois? What association did he help found?

Answer 64

A sociologist who studies African-Americans Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Question 65

Who is Dorothy Smith?

Answer 65

A sociologist that observed the differences in the way we communicate depending on the group we are with Studied discourses

Question 66

What is cultural diffusion?

Answer 66

Spreading of ideas, languages and customs from one culture to another

Question 67

What is culture? What are the 8 aspects of culture?

Answer 67

The way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs 1. Social groups (space trade) 2. Religion (missionaries bring Christianity to world) 3. Language (French and english in Canada from Europe) 4. History (Canada fought with Britain in WW1 and WW2 because of history) 5. Daily life (consumption of coffee in morning is transmitted from trade routes) 6. Art (Canada has art galleries with many different works) 7. Government (Japanese constitution written by US after WW2) 8. Trade (Canada traded resources with Europe)

Question 68

What are the 6 methods of diffusion?

Answer 68

1. Wars 2. Trades 3. Travel and exploration 4. Immigration 5. Media 6. Communication

Question 69

What are observational checklists? What three factors make for a good checklist? What are the pros and cons?

Answer 69

Presents a list of abilities or behaviors in order to collect data to prove a hypothesis Order answers from most to least, best to worst; use standardized time frames for observation; ensure there are indentical circumstances Pros: proves objective date Cons: time consuming; small scale compared to surveys

Question 70

How is the legalization of cannabis debate representative of the social change indentured by anthro, psych and socio?

Answer 70

Anthro: cultural evolution? Another stage? Psych: behavior modification where society is being modified to accept this behavior Socio: tension and adaptation