Unit 3 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Demography
A
The study of human populations
2
Q
Baby Boom
A
A demographic phase marked by an increase in the birth rate of a country, and a corresponding population increase
3
Q
Echo Boom
A
The demographic phase in which a population increase is created as people born during the post-World War 2 baby boom have their own children
4
Q
Twentysomethings
A
A term referring to the relatively small group of people born between 1966 and 1979, during the so-called baby bust
5
Q
Baby bust
A
The period of declining birth rates between 1966 and 1979, immediately after the post WWII baby boom
6
Q
Materialism
A
A way of life with personal or societal values preoccupied with obtaining material possession should
7
Q
Natural increase
A
In demography, a positive population balance where a country’s birth rate exceeds its death rate
8
Q
Natural decrease
A
Negative population balance where a nations death rate exceeds its birth rate
9
Q
Net migration
A
In demography, the rate at which a country’s population is increasing or decreasing when four factors are considered: birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration
10
Q
Youthquake
A
A media term used during the late 1960s and early 1970s to describe the culture of protest which emerged among adolescent and young adult baby boomers
11
Q
War bride
A
A term for the European wives of Canadian soldiers who came to Canada with their husbands after WWII
12
Q
Birth rate
A
The average number of births per thousand people (both sexes, all ages) in a country during a particular year
13
Q
Immigration
A
The migration of people from one country to another, with the intention of taking up permanent residence
14
Q
Emigration
A
The act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another, moving abroad
15
Q
Population pyramid
A
A type of multiple bar graph used to show the proportions of males to females of different ages in the population of a country
16
Q
Cohort
A
The term which refers to population age group, such as children less than five years old
17
Q
Population growth rate
A
Calculated with the following formula:
Birth rate + immigration) - (death rate + emigration
18
Q
Suburbia
A
New residential areas built beyond the existing built-up area of a city
19
Q
Infant mortality rate
A
The average number of infants less than one year of age who die for each 1000 children born
20
Q
Nuclear family
A
A family group consisting only of a mother and father living with their children
21
Q
National debt
A
Money borrowed by a country to finance government spending. The debt to be repaid includes the accumulated interest on these loans
22
Q
Authoritarian education
A
A fairly strict teacher-centered form of education, strongly focused on student mastery of traditional subject matter
23
Q
Progressive education
A
A more child-centered form of education, based upon the assumption that students are eager to learn material presented in an interesting way
24
Q
Developed world
A
Countries that are industrialized, modern and wealthy - specifically North America, Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand
25
Developing world
Countries that are non-industrialized and where citizens practice more traditional lifestyles
26
Fertility
Refers to actual reproduction. A woman is fertile if she has born or is bearing an offspring
27
Fecundity
Denotes the ability to reproduce. Once a girl reaches menarche, she is fecund
28
Fertility rate
The actual number of children had by a woman
29
Replacement level
Population term referring to the number of births required to maintain a stable population
30
Infertile
The inability to conceive a child. The term is usually applied to a couple (or individual) who has been trying to conceive for over one year without success
31
Estrogen
The female sex hormone
32
Proximate determinant
The biological and behavioral factors through which social, economic and environmental variables affect fertility
33
Prolactin
Pituitary hormone that regulates the production of progesterone levels
34
Ovulation
The monthly release of an egg in a woman’s reproductive cycle
35
Weaning
The removal of breast milk from an infant or young child’s diet
36
Menarche
A woman’s first menstrual period
37
Plagiarism
Claiming someone else’s work as your own, usually in written form
38
Barrenness
The inability to have children
39
Intrauterine insemination
Assisted reproduction technique that introduced the strongest of a man’s sperm directly into the woman’s uterus via catheter
40
Superovulation
When a woman produced more than one egg per cycle, usually as the result of fertility drugs
41
GIFT
Gamete intrafallopian transfer. Similar to IVF except that during GIFT sperm and eggs are mixed and injected into one or both Fallopian tubes. Once fertilized, the embryo travels to the uterus by natural process
42
IVF
Treatment for infertility in which human eggs and sperm are donated by the potential parents and fertilized in a lab dish
43
AID
Artificial insemination by doctor, when a woman’s egg is fertilized by the previously frozen sperm of a donor
44
Surrogate
Literally meaning “replacement”, in this text a surrogate mother is one who lends her uterus to another couple so they can have a baby
45
Voluntary childlessness
Couples or individuals who freely choose to remain childless
46
Rates
A number for every 1000 people in the population
For example - Canada has a birth rate of 10.3 and death rate of 8.7
Mexico has a birth rate of 18.3 and death rate of 5.3
47
How can one calculate the natural increase rate of a country? (NIR)
Birth rate minus death rate
48
What is the demographic divide?
The vast difference in birth and death rates between developed countries and developing countries. Poor nations have high birth rates and low life expectancies, leading to a rapidly growing population. Wealthy countries have low birth rates and high life expectancies, leading to a rapidly aging population.
49
What is the rule of 70?
70 divided by the population growth rate = the doubling time in years
(70 is the average life span in most countries)
50
What are the 3 disturbing truths about population growth?
1) world population growth has been, and will continue to be, exponential
2) population growth is unevenly distributed around the world. Less developed countries have out of control growth while more developed countries like Canada or Japan have flat or declining growth rates
3) the 2.5 billion people added to the human population by 2050 will have to be fed, clothed and housed and our per capita rates of consumption are climbing rapidly (destroying the earth)
51
What does per capita income mean?
The average income earned per person in a given area (areas total income divided by the total population)
The fertility rate of a nation can increase its population which tends to weaken its economy if it’s not a developed nation that can support a growing population
52
What is the DTM?
The demographic transition model which demonstrates the demographic stages that all countries pass through
53
What are the five stages of the DTM?
Stage 1: Pre-Transition
High birth rates and death rates so population remains steady
Stage 2: Early Transition
Death rates begin to fall and birth rates stay high so population starts to grow
Stage 3: Late Transition
Birth rates start to decline as well as death rates so population growth decelerates
Stage 4: Post-Transition
Low birth rates and death rates so population remains stable
Stage 5: Post-Post-Transition
Birth rates continue to drop but death rates remain stable or slightly declining so population begins to decline
54
What happens to a woman’s fertility with age?
It declines
Women lose most or all eggs; egg quality declines which increases miscarriage and abnormalities; the uterine lining quality declines as well
55
What are some risks to waiting to have children until later in life?
Pelvic discomfort, double vision, increased risks of ovarian cancer, internal bleeding and babies miscarried or born with birth defects
56
How are fertility rates changing in the developed world?
They are declining drastically. Women are waiting longer to have children, having less and not having any at all due to more general freedom and rights. Sperm quality is also declining
57
What are some physical and environmental factors in infertility for males and females?
Males: decrease in sperm quality in developed nations
Females: rapid spread of STDs that affect fertility; tendency of women to delay motherhood
58
What does delayed motherhood lead to?
Decreased chance of pregnancy and increased risk of pregnancy complications
59
How were boomers raised differently?
Boomers were raised using the advice of Dr. Benjamin Spock who preached letting children grow and develop at their own pace rather than bombarding them with strict rules and schedules
Some said this created a self-centered generation who don’t respect authority
60
How did television affect the boomers?
Television programs shaped and reinforced societal gender norms that were demonstrated in the TV shows (happy suburban family)
61
How did the government affect baby boomers?
The “baby bonus” encouraged large families who would live in suburbs
62
How did the education system affect the boomers?
Baby boomers were not only stuffed into over crowded schools at first, but they also witnessed the switch to progressive education
63
What are some good aspects of suburbia? What are some negative aspects?
Good: owning a suburban home was fulfilling (living the dream); people socially connected to their neighbors; houses for growing families redials available
Negative: poor planning of suburban development sometimes resulted in inadequate services (police); made owning a car a necessity
64
How did boomers grow up in a “child-centered universe”?
Because of the pure size of the boomers, the country was forced to change for them. More schools, more housing, more hospitals. Everything changed to accommodate for their numbers.
65
How will the boomers become a burden in the future?
As the boomers retire, they will become a burden on society. They will become a part of the dependency load, meaning that a lot of people will leave the work force and rely on the few left in the work force. The small work force cannot support and pay for all of them.
66
What is the dependency load?
The group of people who are of non working age (under 15 or over 65) who depend on those of working age to support them
67
What are some difficulties war veterans faced after returning from WWII?
They had to readjust to civilian life by dealing with broken relationships due to distance (either those they left behind or the war wives they brought back with them), dealing with the psychological impacts of the war and the societal impacts of the war. The government tried to help by giving them job priority and housing priority.
68
Why were marriage rates higher after the war?
Men coming back were eager to celebrate and return to their lives
They had no trouble finding women to marry, either, as they looked gallant in their uniforms
Also marriage was simply the norm so getting married was just what you did or something was wrong with you
69
How did immigration accelerate the baby boom?
Not only were tons of babies being born after the war but many immigrants were coming from war-torn countries and looking for safe haven in a flourishing Canada.
70
What are three ways in which demography can be useful?
It can predict growth rates and therefor help the government plan for the future (shape immigration policies), provide useful information for the social sciences and help companies determine who uses their products
71
Who are the Baby Boomers?
The generation of children born between 1946 and 1964
This generation values interpersonal relationships and direct communication (phone calls over texting)
They are hard workers that are dedicated to their jobs (loyal to one job usually)
They are not regarded as tech savvy
Defining events: the Cold War, the Vietnam war, the assassination of MLK Jr and JFK
72
Who are the Gen Xers?
The generation of children born between 1965 and 1979
They faced more financial issues than boomers
They are distrustful of institutions and are extremely independent
They tended to delay marriage and children to live their own lives first
Defining events: civil rights movements, fall of the Berlin Wall, emergence of the PC
73
Who are the Millennials?
The generation of children born between 1980 and 1996
They are ambitious, tech savvy and independent
They care more about things and are less selfish than most generations
Defining events: 9/11, 2008 market crash, columbine high school massacre
74
Who are the Gen Zers?
They generation of children born between 1997 to present
They are the more technologically inclined, but also reliant on technology
They are also cynical as a result of the world they were raised in (they never lived in a world without climate change or police brutality or the war on terror)
Defining events: 9/11, emergence of social media, rise of school shootings, fight on climate change
75
What are trends in developed nations?
Developed countries are facing declining populations due to low birth rates. Women have more rights and therefor don’t need to have or want to have as many children, and children are extremely expensive as of late so people in developed countries aren’t having children. This means their populations are declining and they aren’t hitting replacement rates.
76
What are trends in developing nations?
Less developing nations are still in earlier stages of the DTM, where birth rates are high and death rates are getting lower. This means they are facing extreme overpopulation which lowers quality of life.
77
What would fix the trends in both nations?
If developed nations accepted immigrants from poorer developing nations, both problems would be fixed.
78
What are walking marriages? Why do they appeal to some Chinese?
Walking marriages occur when couples get married to appease their parents and society but choose to live separate lives. This appeals to some who choose not to be crowded in living with their spouses (many grew up as single children)
79
What is the link between fecundity and culture in Israeli society?
If someone in Israel is barren, it is considered tragic and a destroying factor for many marriages as it is expected for couples to have children.
80
How do cultural norms affect fertility rates in countries?
Nations that value certain things will replicate these values in their rates. Nations like India and Israel that value having big families and children as a part of their culture have high birth rates. Nations that value the autonomy of women will have lower birth rates.
81
Why do women breast-feed less in developed nations?
There is a cultural stigma against public breastfeeding in developed nations and formula is simply easily accessible in such nations.
82
What is an example of government policies to increase family size? How about to decrease family size?
Increase: the large baby bonus in place in Quebec
Decrease: China’s one child policy
