Unit 2, AOS 2: Social influences

Question 1

Definition of group.

Answer 1

Two or more people who interact or influence each other and share a common purpose.

Question 2

Definition of power.

Answer 2

An individual or group’s ability to control or influence the thoughts/feelings/behaviours of another person or group.

Question 3

Reward power.

Answer 3

Give rewards and take away punishment.

Question 4

Coercive power.

Answer 4

Give punishment and take away rewards.

Question 5

Referent power.

Answer 5

People identify with or want to be liked by this person.

Question 6

Legitimate power.

Answer 6

Person’s status and power in a group gives them authority.

Question 7

Expert power.

Answer 7

Having special knowledge or skills that are desirable/needed.

Question 8

Informational power.

Answer 8

Having resources/information that are not available elsewhere.

Question 9

Independent variable of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment.

Answer 9

The role of the participants (prisoner/guard).

Question 10

Dependant variable of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment.

Answer 10

The reactions of the participants.

Question 11

Results of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment.

Answer 11

Participant’s behaviours changed completely to fit their assigned role. The guards became sadistic and abusive, and the prisoners fell in line as their values changed.

Question 12

Ethical issues of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment.

Answer 12

No-harm principle was breached. Withdrawal rights were breached. Participants did not consent to being arrested in front of people they are close to.

Question 13

**Independent variable of Milgram’s experiment.

Answer 13

Uncertain to determine as there was no control group.

Question 14

**Dependant variable of Milgram’s experiment.

Answer 14

The maximum voltage that the teacher administered to the student.

Question 15

Results of Milgram’s experiment.

Answer 15

100% of participants administered shocks of 300 volts.

65% of participants administered shockers of 450 volts.

Question 16

Ethical issues of Milgram’s experiment.

Answer 16

Deception, breach of the no-harm principle, lack of withdrawal rights.

Question 17

Results of Asch’s experiment

Answer 17

75% of participants agreed with the confederate’s incorrect responses at least once.
33% of participants agreed with the confederate’s incorrect responses in half or more of the trials.
24% of participants did not conform to the incorrect responses at all.

Question 18

Normative influence.

Answer 18

Situation is guided by one or more social norms.

Question 19

Culture

Answer 19

More conformity in collectivist cultures. Less conformity in individualistic cultures.

Question 20

Informational influence

Answer 20

Conforming for direction and information on how to respond in a specific situation.

Question 21

Group size

Answer 21

More likely to conform with other members of the group when the group has 4 members.

Question 22

Unanimity

Answer 22

Difficult to be a minority of one even when you think you are right and everyone else is wrong.

Question 23

Deindividuation

Answer 23

Loss of individuality that can occur in a group situation.

Question 24

Social loafing

Answer 24

Tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in a group activity rather than working alone.

Question 25

Definition of pro-social behaviour.

Answer 25

Act of helping others, even when there is a personal cost to the helper.

Question 26

Situational factors influencing pro-social behaviour.

Answer 26

1. Notice the situation 2. Interpret the situation 3. Take responsibility for the situation

Question 27

Social factors influencing pro-social behaviour

Answer 27

``` Social responsibility norm (We should help those in need because it is our responsibility/duty to do so) Social justice norm (We should only help those who deserve it) Reciprocity norm (We should help those who help us) ```

Question 28

Personal factors influencing pro-social behaviour

Answer 28

Empathy (Ability to identify with & understand another's feelings or difficulties) Mood (More likely to help when in a good mood) Competence (More likely to help when capable of helping)

Question 29

Factors that influence reluctance to help

Answer 29

Bystander effect Diffusion of responsibility Audience inhibition Cost-benefit analysis

Question 30

Bystander effect

Answer 30

Tendency for people to be less likely to help when other people are present.

Question 31

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 31

Belief that when others are present, one or more people will or should take responsibility for helping.

Question 32

Audience inhibition

Answer 32

Less willing to help for fear of looking stupid in front of a group of people.

Question 33

Cost-benefit analysis

Answer 33

Weigh up the pros and cons of helping before deciding to help

Question 34

Definition of bullying.

Answer 34

Intentional repeated physical or psychological aggressive behaviour by a person/group intended to cause harm, distress or fear.

Question 35

Covert bullying

Answer 35

Hidden, unobvious bullying.

Question 36

Overt bullying

Answer 36

Physical, obvious bullying

Question 37

Cyberbullying

Answer 37

Bullying via call, text, email, social media, etc.

Question 38

Situational factors that influence bullying

Answer 38

Circumstances in an individual's context when bullying behaviour occurs influence them to perform this behaviour.

Question 39

Environmental factors that influence bullying

Answer 39

Factors relating to an individual's family or home environment that can increase the likelihood of bullying behaviour.

Question 40

Effects of bullying

Answer 40

Feeling unsafe, lonely, disconnected, low self-esteem, difficulties with concentrating and motivation, sleep and mental health problems.

Question 41

Positive influences of media on group behaviour

Answer 41

Can communicate from just about anywhere in the world.

Question 42

Negative influences of media on group behaviour.

Answer 42

Less meaningful relationships.

Question 43

Positive influences of media on individual behaviour.

Answer 43

Entertainment and education.

Question 44

Negative influences of media on individual behaviour.

Answer 44

Less time out and about.