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AP Bio > Unit 2 - Cell Organelles, Plasma Membrane, Transport > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Cell Organelles, Plasma Membrane, Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote characteristics

A
  • no membrane bound nucleus
  • circular DNA
  • simple
  • ribosomes floating in cytoplasm
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2
Q

Eukarytoe characteristic

A
  • membrane bound nucleus, structures
  • linear DNA
  • multicellular: mitochondria/chloroplast, golgi
  • bound ribosomes
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3
Q

Compartmentalization

A

local environments for different functions (lysosome has a different pH)

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4
Q

Endosymbiosis

A
  1. folding of plasma membrane
  2. engulfing of aerobic prokaryote
  3. autotrophs diverge from heterotrophs
    • autotroph engulfs photosynthetic prokaryote
  4. ancestral eukaryotes develop
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5
Q

Cell Wall (prokaryote, plant)

A

plant: cellulose
fungi: chitin
prokaryote: peptidoglycan

help with shape/structure and also protection

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6
Q

Plasma membrane (all three)

A

phospholipid bilayer

help with H2O regulation/pressure, help transport things across the membrane

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7
Q

Ribosome (all three)

A

protein synthesis!

prokaryotes: free in cytosol/cytoplasm
eukaryotes: bound (rough ER)

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8
Q

Smooth ER (eukaryotes)

A

make lipids, detoxification

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9
Q

Rough ER (eukaryotes)

A

ribosomes bound, form protein

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10
Q

Golgi (eukaryotes)

A

modifies, packs, and sorts proteins/materials

cis (close to RER) and trans side (where proteins bud off)

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11
Q

Mitochondria (eukaryotes)

A

double membrane with cristae (inner membrane)
cellular respiration

more mitochondria = more metabolism
more surface area of inner membrane = more rate of exchange, more efficient kreb cycle

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12
Q

Lysosome (eukaryotes)

A

digestion, pH: 5 (acidic), autophagy (recycle cell matter), hydrolyze

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13
Q

Nucleus (eukaryotes)

A

chromosomes, double membrane

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14
Q

Peroxisome (eukaryotes)

A

enzyme that converts peroxide into water

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15
Q

Chloroplast (plant only)

A

photosynthesis

thylakoid (singular disk) and grana (stack of disks): light dependent
stroma (fluid): calvin/dark cycle

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16
Q

Vacuole (eukaryotes)

A

food vacuole: phagocytosis
contractile: maintaining water level
central (plants): turgor pressure

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton (eukaryotes)

A

structural support:
1. microtubules (tubulin): movement of cells, support
2. microfilaments (actin): structure support, shape/tension
3. intermediate filaments (fibrous protein): movement of materials, shape, anchor, cushion

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18
Q

Centrioles (animal only)

A

function during reproduction with spindle fibers

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19
Q

Endomembrane system

A
  1. RNA attaches to the ribosome, turns primary structure to polypeptide (mRNA to polypeptide) in the lumen of the RER
  2. protein leaves RER in a vesicle and goes into golgi cis side
  3. modified and packaged in golgi and leaves in vesicle from trans side (budding off)
  4. vesicle is transported to other parts of cell or out of membrane
20
Q

Cell size

A

increased surface area and colume = increased rate of material exchange

21
Q

Osmoregularity

A

regulate solute and concentrations to maintain water balance, high to low water potential, low to high solute

22
Q

Hypotonic

A

hypo: low water inside, high solute
cell gains H2O

plants use this for turgor pressure (vacuole), turgid

23
Q

Hypertonic

A

hyper: over water inside, low solute
cell loses H2O

plasmolysis

24
Q

Isotonic

A

dissolved, balanced

25
Q

Phospholipid head

A

philic, polar

26
Q

Phospholipid tail

A

phobic, nonpolar

27
Q

What can pass through a phospholipid bilayer without anything?

A

small, nonpolar

N2, O2, CO2, hormones, lipids

28
Q

Integral protein

A

embedded, amphipathic (part sticking out is philic and part within the membrane is phobic)

29
Q

Peripheral protein

A

loosely bonded on the surface, philic

30
Q

Glycolipid/protein

A

cell-to-cell recognition

31
Q

Carrier protein

A

conformational change

glucose, nucleoside, animo acids
ions, large, polar

32
Q

Channel protein

A

tunnel is philic, outside touching membrane is phobic

aquaporins (H2O)
ions, large, polar

33
Q

Cholesterol

A

temperature buffer, maintains fluidity

inc. temp. = dec. movement
dec. temp. = inc. movement

34
Q

Active transport

A

requires ATP, against concentration gradient (low > high)

35
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

2 Na+ are pumped out, 3 K+ are pumped in against their concentration gradients through carrier proteins that change when phosphate from ATP is attached

creates an electrochemical gradient since more positive on the inside due to net +1 from the K+

36
Q

Cotransport

A

Lots of H+ on the outside and O wants to move in against it’s concentration gradient

due to H+ electrochemical gradient, it will flow back in and bring an oxygen with it

37
Q

Symporter

A

cotransport where both things move in with the same direction

38
Q

Antiporter

A

cotransport where the action of one moving in/out will move the other one in the opposite way

39
Q

Exocytosis

A

lysosome digests material and sends it in a vesicle to fuse with the membrane and thrown out (all with the sue of ATP)

40
Q

Phagocytosis

A

food is engulfed fully by the membrane (food vacuole) which will then fuse with the lysosome

41
Q

Pinocytosis

A

small molecules engulfed by membrane (protein coated vesicle)

42
Q

Receptor-Mediated

A

receptors detect specific substances which are engulfed by the membrane and transported

43
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of high H2O to low H2O (or low solute to high solute)

44
Q

Passive transport

A

with the concentration/electrochemical gradient

45
Q

Diffusion

A

high to low, selectively permeable membrane (allows for different rates of diffusion for different molecules)

AP Bio (8 decks)

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