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AP Bio > Unit 8 - Ecology > Flashcards

Unit 8 - Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulus

A

external/internal signal/group of signals that cause a response (can be behavioral or physiological)

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2
Q

Behavior

A

response to a stimulus that can be due to genetic or environmental factors

  • allows for survival and reproduction
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3
Q

Communication

A

animals exchanging information; used for dominance, find foot, establish territory, ensure reproductive success (find mates/care for young)

mechanisms:
- visual
- audible
- tactile (touch)
- electrical
- chemical

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4
Q

Aposematism

A

markings/behaviors that signal a WARNING

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5
Q

Pheromones

A

trigger a social response within the same species

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6
Q

Proximate Cause

A

{how} – what was the stimulus; how does “NURTUE” affect behavior

experiences during growth and development

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7
Q

Ultimate Cause

A

{why} – how does behavior help the animal survive/reproduce; how does “NATURE” affect behavior

evolutionary basis

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8
Q

Innate Behaviors

A

developmentally fixed; born with it

growth/development has NO EFFECT

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9
Q

Signal

A

stimulus generated, passed down from 1 animal to another
- pheromones
- stimulus response chain
- body movement (bee wiggle)

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10
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A

sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a stimulus
- unchangeable; carried out to completion
- triggered by external cue (sign stimulus)

fish seeing red and attacking even if it is harmless

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11
Q

Migration

A

innate behavior

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12
Q

Directed Movement

A

away/toward a stimulus
- kinesis: rate of movement

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13
Q

Types of Taxis

A

Photo: light
Chemo: chemical
Geotaxis: gravity

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14
Q

Learned Behaviors

A

depends on the environment; experience DOES EFFECT; high variability

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15
Q

Learning

A

based off experience (modification)

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16
Q

Imprinting

A

long-distance; happens during a sensitive period (early in life)

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17
Q

Spatial

A

memories based off spatial structure (cognitive map)

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18
Q

Associative

A

associate 1 environmental feature with another

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19
Q

Social

A

through observation and imitation of behaviors

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20
Q

Cooperative

A

team work

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21
Q

Altruism

A

decreases an individuals fitness but increases the populations fitness

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22
Q

Phototropism

A

directional growth toward light

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23
Q

Photoperiodism

A

development in response to day length, time of year

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24
Q

Endotherm

A

use thermal metabolism to maintain body temperature (heart rate, fat storage, etc.)

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25
Ectotherm
uses external source to regulate body temperature (sun/shade)
26
Metabolic rate
O2 consumed, CO2 produced - smaller organisms = higher metabolic rate - larger organisms = lower metabolic rate (SA:V ratio!!)
27
R-Selected
lots of offspring - 'R'ats - less energy efficient - common in UNSTABLE environment with LESS resources
28
K-Selected
few offspring - 'K'angaroos - more energy efficient - common in STABLE ecological environments
29
Auto vs Hetero - troph
Autotroph: makes its own food (plants) Heterotroph: uses others as food (animals)
30
Primary Production
amount of light energy concerted into chemical energy GPP = total, NPP = GPP - energy used
31
Water Cycle
essential for all life, influences rate of ecosystem processes
32
Carbon Cycle
essential for all life, required for organic compounds
33
Nitrogen Cycle
making amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids
34
Phosphorus cycle
makes amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP!
35
Factors that affect Population Growth
1. when reproduction begins 2. how often reproduction occurs 3. # of offspring per episode 4. survivorship till reproductive maturity more food = more reproduction = more offspring survival = more population
36
Exponential
J-shape curve ideal conditions (usually never happens)
37
Logistical
S-shape curve limited resources, carrying capacity
38
Population Density
more resources = more reproduction = less space = more density
39
Density Dependent
competition, predation, territoriality, disease, reproduction rate
40
Density Independent
weather, climate, natural disaster
41
Survivorship Curve
I: low death rate early/middle, high death rate late II: constant death rate III: high death rate early, low death rate for those who survive early life
42
Ecological Niche
role/position a species has in its environment
43
Fundamental Niche
niche potentially occupied by the species if there were no limiting factors (predators, competition)
44
Realized Niche
portion of the fundamental niche the species actually occupies after taking in account of limiting factors
45
Species Composition
identify all species in a community
46
Species Diversity
variety of species and # of individuals in each species in a community
47
Richness
# of DIFFERENT species
48
Relative Abundance
PROPORTION each species represents of all individuals of a community
49
Simpsons Diversity Index
higher index = higher biodiveristy
50
Interspecific Interaction
one species interacting with another
51
Competition
-/-
52
Predation
+/- Cryptic Coloration: camouflage Batesian Mimicry: harmless mimics harmful Mulierian Mimicry: 2 or more bad-tasting individuals look similar
53
Herbivor
+/-
54
Symbiosis
Paratism: +/- Mutualism: +/+ Comensalism: +/0
55
Trophic Cascade
removal or decrease of key stone species impacts species on a different trophic level
56
Niche Partitioning
decreased competition over limited resources between 2 similar species since they use resource in different ways
57
Diversity
increased diversity = increased resistance to environmental changes stabilizes long-term structure of the ecosystem less vulnerable to drastic changes more diverse in TROPICS than in the poles
58
Abiotic
weather, water/nutrient/light availability
59
Biotic
presence of producers (for food, habitat, reduce erosion), key preditors (keep populations under control; diverse diet = no pressure on prey)
60
Keystone Species
NOT ABUNDANT other species rely on them - maintain diversity of the ecosystem - impact size of other population in the community - prevent overpopulation (frees resources)
61
Disturbance
event that changes a community by removing organisms/altering resource availability
62
Primary Succession
starts with just bedrock/rock colonize previous lifeless ground
63
Secondary Succession
clears existing community but the soil remains (fire)
64
HIPPCO
Habitat loss - erosion, extinction Invasive species - outcompete native species Population growth Pollution ------------ both reduce capacity Climate change---- of Earth to sustain life Overharvesting - harvest faster than rebound; extinction
65
Pathogens
Disease mostly affect new habitats

AP Bio (8 decks)

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