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AP Bio > Unit 8 - Ecology > Flashcards

Unit 8 - Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulus

A

external/internal signal/group of signals that cause a response (can be behavioral or physiological)

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2
Q

Behavior

A

response to a stimulus that can be due to genetic or environmental factors

  • allows for survival and reproduction
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3
Q

Communication

A

animals exchanging information; used for dominance, find foot, establish territory, ensure reproductive success (find mates/care for young)

mechanisms:
- visual
- audible
- tactile (touch)
- electrical
- chemical

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4
Q

Aposematism

A

markings/behaviors that signal a WARNING

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5
Q

Pheromones

A

trigger a social response within the same species

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6
Q

Proximate Cause

A

{how} – what was the stimulus; how does “NURTUE” affect behavior

experiences during growth and development

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7
Q

Ultimate Cause

A

{why} – how does behavior help the animal survive/reproduce; how does “NATURE” affect behavior

evolutionary basis

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8
Q

Innate Behaviors

A

developmentally fixed; born with it

growth/development has NO EFFECT

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9
Q

Signal

A

stimulus generated, passed down from 1 animal to another
- pheromones
- stimulus response chain
- body movement (bee wiggle)

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10
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A

sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a stimulus
- unchangeable; carried out to completion
- triggered by external cue (sign stimulus)

fish seeing red and attacking even if it is harmless

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11
Q

Migration

A

innate behavior

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12
Q

Directed Movement

A

away/toward a stimulus
- kinesis: rate of movement

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13
Q

Types of Taxis

A

Photo: light
Chemo: chemical
Geotaxis: gravity

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14
Q

Learned Behaviors

A

depends on the environment; experience DOES EFFECT; high variability

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15
Q

Learning

A

based off experience (modification)

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16
Q

Imprinting

A

long-distance; happens during a sensitive period (early in life)

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17
Q

Spatial

A

memories based off spatial structure (cognitive map)

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18
Q

Associative

A

associate 1 environmental feature with another

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19
Q

Social

A

through observation and imitation of behaviors

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20
Q

Cooperative

A

team work

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21
Q

Altruism

A

decreases an individuals fitness but increases the populations fitness

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22
Q

Phototropism

A

directional growth toward light

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23
Q

Photoperiodism

A

development in response to day length, time of year

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24
Q

Endotherm

A

use thermal metabolism to maintain body temperature (heart rate, fat storage, etc.)

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25
Q

Ectotherm

A

uses external source to regulate body temperature (sun/shade)

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26
Q

Metabolic rate

A

O2 consumed, CO2 produced
- smaller organisms = higher metabolic rate
- larger organisms = lower metabolic rate
(SA:V ratio!!)

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27
Q

R-Selected

A

lots of offspring - ‘R’ats
- less energy efficient
- common in UNSTABLE environment with LESS resources

28
Q

K-Selected

A

few offspring - ‘K’angaroos
- more energy efficient
- common in STABLE ecological environments

29
Q

Auto vs Hetero - troph

A

Autotroph: makes its own food (plants)
Heterotroph: uses others as food (animals)

30
Q

Primary Production

A

amount of light energy concerted into chemical energy

GPP = total, NPP = GPP - energy used

31
Q

Water Cycle

A

essential for all life, influences rate of ecosystem processes

32
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

essential for all life, required for organic compounds

33
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

making amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids

34
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

makes amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP!

35
Q

Factors that affect Population Growth

A
  1. when reproduction begins
  2. how often reproduction occurs
  3. # of offspring per episode
  4. survivorship till reproductive maturity

more food = more reproduction = more offspring survival = more population

36
Q

Exponential

A

J-shape curve

ideal conditions (usually never happens)

37
Q

Logistical

A

S-shape curve

limited resources, carrying capacity

38
Q

Population Density

A

more resources = more reproduction = less space = more density

39
Q

Density Dependent

A

competition, predation, territoriality, disease, reproduction rate

40
Q

Density Independent

A

weather, climate, natural disaster

41
Q

Survivorship Curve

A

I: low death rate early/middle, high death rate late
II: constant death rate
III: high death rate early, low death rate for those who survive early life

42
Q

Ecological Niche

A

role/position a species has in its environment

43
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

niche potentially occupied by the species if there were no limiting factors (predators, competition)

44
Q

Realized Niche

A

portion of the fundamental niche the species actually occupies after taking in account of limiting factors

45
Q

Species Composition

A

identify all species in a community

46
Q

Species Diversity

A

variety of species and # of individuals in each species in a community

47
Q

Richness

A

of DIFFERENT species

48
Q

Relative Abundance

A

PROPORTION each species represents of all individuals of a community

49
Q

Simpsons Diversity Index

A

higher index = higher biodiveristy

50
Q

Interspecific Interaction

A

one species interacting with another

51
Q

Competition

A

-/-

52
Q

Predation

A

+/-

Cryptic Coloration: camouflage
Batesian Mimicry: harmless mimics harmful
Mulierian Mimicry: 2 or more bad-tasting individuals look similar

53
Q

Herbivor

A

+/-

54
Q

Symbiosis

A

Paratism: +/-
Mutualism: +/+
Comensalism: +/0

55
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

removal or decrease of key stone species impacts species on a different trophic level

56
Q

Niche Partitioning

A

decreased competition over limited resources between 2 similar species since they use resource in different ways

57
Q

Diversity

A

increased diversity = increased resistance to environmental changes

stabilizes long-term structure of the ecosystem

less vulnerable to drastic changes

more diverse in TROPICS than in the poles

58
Q

Abiotic

A

weather, water/nutrient/light availability

59
Q

Biotic

A

presence of producers (for food, habitat, reduce erosion), key preditors (keep populations under control; diverse diet = no pressure on prey)

60
Q

Keystone Species

A

NOT ABUNDANT

other species rely on them
- maintain diversity of the ecosystem
- impact size of other population in the community
- prevent overpopulation (frees resources)

61
Q

Disturbance

A

event that changes a community by removing organisms/altering resource availability

62
Q

Primary Succession

A

starts with just bedrock/rock

colonize previous lifeless ground

63
Q

Secondary Succession

A

clears existing community but the soil remains (fire)

64
Q

HIPPCO

A

Habitat loss - erosion, extinction
Invasive species - outcompete native species
Population growth
Pollution ———— both reduce capacity
Climate change—- of Earth to sustain life
Overharvesting - harvest faster than rebound; extinction

65
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease

mostly affect new habitats

AP Bio (8 decks)

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