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Anatomy > Unit 2 Exam Guide > Flashcards

Unit 2 Exam Guide Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells of the epidermis change as stem cells divide?

A

Form daughter cells to create more stem specialized cells, and cells get pushed to the surface and die ad flake off

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2
Q

Where are the stem cells located?

A

Stratum Basale

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3
Q

What happens to the contents and shape of the cell at each stratum moving toward superficial/surface?

A

As keratinocytes form, cells flatten and the nucleus die

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4
Q

Where are keratinocytes located?

A

Mostly the Stratum Basale layer

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5
Q

What is the deepest layer that you are certain to find cells that contain keratin?

A

Stratum Granulosum

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6
Q

What structures can be damaged by UVA- why does it matter?

A

The dermis, sun rays break down collagen (wrinkles)

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7
Q

What structures can be damaged by UVB- why does it matter?

A

Stratum basale, sun rays cause an increase in melanin -> melanocytes -> melanoma

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8
Q

Does higher SPF matter?

A

Yes, to an extent, this is because the power of SPF just indicates the amount of time in sun before reapplication vut every 2 hours is recomended no matter what

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9
Q

How can you protect against UVA and UVB radiation?

A

Using protection such as sunscreen and layers to block out UV rays

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10
Q

1st degree burn
-layers involved
-structures damaged
-dept

A

Burns through epidermis, could go to Basale layer

Damages melanocytes and keratinocytes

Dept is superficial

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11
Q

2nd degree burn
-layers involved
-structures damaged
-dept

A

Burns through Epidermis to papillary layer of dermis

Damages merkel’s disc, fibroblast, capillary, nerve

Dept is partial thickness

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12
Q

3rd degree burn
-layers involved
-structures damaged
-dept

A

Burns through Reticular layer, could go to the Hypodermis

Damages sweat glands, sebaceous glands, pacinain corpuscles, arteries, and veins

Dept is full thickness

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13
Q

Melanoma
-What cell type does it impact
-In what layer does it begin
-Signs and symptoms
-Treatment

A

Impacts melanocytes

Begins in Basal layer to spinosum layer

Signs: black or brown spot, ABCD

Treatment: Could be skin grafting

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14
Q

Basal cell carcinoma
-What cell type does it impact
-In what layer does it begin
-Signs and symptoms
-Treatment

A

Impacts Basal cells

Begins in Basale layer of epidermis

Signs: Tumor, open sore that bleeds/oozes, scab/wound in place that hasn’t been injured

remove skin cancer or radiation therapy

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15
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma
-What cell type does it impact
-In what layer does it begin
-Signs and symptoms
-Treatment

A

Impacts Keratin cells

Begins in spinosum layer to granulosum layer

Signs: wart-like growth that crusts/bleeds, cone like growth

remove skin cancer or radiation therapy

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16
Q

How does sunscreen act to protect skin from cancer?

A

Blocks UV rays from entering skin

-Mineral sunscreen, blocks rays
-Chemical sunscreen, absorbs rays

17
Q

What is the rule of 9s? What is it used to determine?

A

The rule of 9s estimates how much of your body is damaged by a burn. Used to determine how much fluid a patient needs to heal

18
Q

What is the most critical aspect of ANY burn?

A

GET FLUIDS BACK to heal

If you inhaled particles such as smoke and ash

19
Q

What are special considerations are there for burns that occur on the face?

A

Intubation, to keep airways open

20
Q

List the types of ways burns/thermal energy, damage the skin

A

Frostbite,chemical, friction, electrial, radiation,

21
Q

What is the process of hemostasis

A

First step of the healing process

Platelets help to clot the blood by trapping red blood cells with fibrin to form a scab

STOP BLEEDING

22
Q

What is the process of Inflammation?

A

2nd step of the healing process

Neutrophils destroy bacteria and macrophage continue clearing debris while attracting immune system cells to clean the area

PREVENT INFECTION

23
Q

What is the process of Proliferation?

A

3rd step of the healing process

This is where fibroblasts enter the wound. Then collagen deposition occurs where collagen is let out in the wound site which forms connective skin tissue to replace the fibrin from before.The dermis then contracts to close the wound.

CLOSE THE GAP

24
Q

What is the process of Remodeling?

A

4th step of the healing process

Then collagen fibers reorganize to increase strength in the area and healing should finish

REPAIR AND REORGANIZE

25
Q

How far down does UVB go to

A

Only to the epidermis

26
Q

How far down does UVA go to

A

To the reticular layer of dermis

27
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Waterproofs skin

Lowest layer is in Basale layer

28
Q

Keratinized cell

A

Protect epithelial cells and strengthen the skin

Lowest layer is in granulosum layer

29
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessels tighten to minimize bleeding

During Hemostasis

30
Q

Vasodilation

A

Previously constricted blood vessels now expand

During inflammation

31
Q

Fibrin

A

A special protein that forms cross-lines on the top of the skin and prevents blood from flowing out as well as bacteria from getting in

During hemostasis

32
Q

Pathogen

A

Diseases like bacteria, and fungi

during inflammation

33
Q

White blood cell

A

Apart of your immune system, that protects you from infection

during inflammation

34
Q

Macrophage

A

A white blood cell that devours bacteria and damage tissue
-prevents infection

Like a pac man, eats cells

during inflammation

35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When macrophages devour unrecognized bacteria
-prevents infection

during inflammation

36
Q

Growth factors

A

Signals cell migration, division and etc

37
Q

Fibroblast

A

Helps increase collagen production which forms connective tissue
-reduces size of the wound

during proliferative

38
Q

Collagen

A

Collagen is produced in wound site, forming connective tissue to replace old fibrin

during proliferative

39
Q

Why could scar tissue be problematic for patients?

A

Scar tissue can hinder the function of related tissues or organs, and can lead to deformities. They can also leave behind marks on your skin and cause pain.

Anatomy (14 decks)

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