Unit 2: Exam Studying

Question 1

What are the three types of hormones?

Answer 1

Peptides, Steroids, and Amine Hormones

Question 2

Of the amine hormones, what are the two types?

Answer 2

Catecholamines, and the Thyroid hormones.

Question 3

Which of all types and subtypes of hormones are lipophilic?

Answer 3

The thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones

Question 4

Which of all types and subtypes of hormones are hydrophilic?

Answer 4

The peptide hormones, and the catecholamines.

Question 5

What three types of hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 5

Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and anti-diuretic hormone

Question 6

Sex hormones pathway

Answer 6

Hypothalamus–>GnRH–>FSH and LH–>Gonads–>Estrogen,Testosterone, Progesterone etc.

Question 7

Growth hormones pathway

Answer 7

Hypothalamus–>GHRH or SST–>GH–>Target Cells or the liver to secrete IGF1

Question 8

thyroid hormone pathway

Answer 8

TRH–>TSH–>Thyroid secretes T3, and T4

Question 9

prolactin pathway

Answer 9

dopamine–>prolactin–>milk/breast development

Question 10

cortisol pathway

Answer 10

CRH–>ACTH–>adrenal cortex

Question 11

Out of T3 and T4, which is more abundant, and which is more active?

Answer 11

T4 is more abundant, but not active until turned into T3 by deiodinase

Question 12

HARD: What are six functions of thyroid hormone?

Answer 12

Gene transcription, metabolism/body heat, permissive effects, neural development, growth hormone production, and skin/epithelial regulation

Question 13

Hypothyroidism [cause, treatment, goiter]

Answer 13

not enough T3 and T4 production, due to insufficient iodine or loss of thyroid producing cells. Treated by iodine supplements or thyroid hormone directly. Goiter produced because smaller levels of T3 and T4 do not negatively feed back on the trophic effects of TSH.

Question 14

Hyperthyroidism [cause, treatment, goiter]

Answer 14

too much T3 and T4. due to tumors with hormone secreting ability, or autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptors. treated with radio iodide, surgery, or inhibitors. Goiter due to hyper responsiveness to TSH.

Question 15

HARD : What are six effects of the adrenal medulla in the fight or flight response?

Answer 15

Increased breathing/heart rate/blood pressure, increased blood flow to heart/brain/skeletal muscle, glucose release, adipose release of fatty acids, dilation of blood vessels/airways/pupils, decreased GI and reproductive

Question 16

HARD: Basal levels of cortisol [4]

Answer 16

Maintain blood pressure, expression of metabolic enzymes, anti-immune/inflammatory functions, fetal development

Question 17

HARD: Cortisol at stress levels [5]

Answer 17

breaks down molecules for energy, permissive effects on NE vasoconstriction, protection of body tissue from stress induced damage, immunosuppression, inhibits reproductive

Question 18

Addison’s Disease [cause, and one syndrome]

Answer 18

Adrenal insufficiency : primary low cortisol secretion, usually coupled with low blood pressure

Question 19

Cushing’s Syndrome

Answer 19

Too much secretion of cortisol

Question 20

Cushing’s Disease

Answer 20

Tumor in anterior pituitary releasing too much adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 21

HARD: Stress alters the secretion of the following hormones to increase [5] and [3] to decrease

Answer 21

increase: aldosterone, vasopressin, growth hormone, glucagon, beta endorphin (with ACTH) decrease: insulin, gonadotropins, sex steroid hormones

Question 22

HARD: Effects of Growth Hormone [4]

Answer 22

Stimulates protein synthesis, fat breakdown and glucose production, reduces uptake, and stimulates IGF1 induces differentiation

Question 23

Acromegaly

Answer 23

Elevated GH after the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates because of a tumor in anterior pituitary

Question 24

Gigantism

Answer 24

elevated GH secretion before closure of epiphyseal growth plates. tumor in anterior pituitary

Question 25

Short stature

Answer 25

insufficiency or hypo responsiveness to growth hormone

Question 26

What does cortisol do to growth hormone?

Answer 26

suspends it

Question 27

HARD: Catabolism [4]

Answer 27

breaking down molecules to release energy glycogenolysis: glycogen is broken down to glucose lipolysis: triglycerides broken down to glycerol and fatty acids proteolysis: proteins broken down into amino acids gluconeogenesis: amino acids and lactic acid and glycerol is converted back into glucose

Question 28

HARD: Anabolism [3]

Answer 28

Glycogenesis: glucose is stored as glycogen Lipogenesis: fatty acids and glycerol are stored as triglycerides Protein synthesis: amino acids are stored as proteins

Question 29

Types of cells in the Pancreas

Answer 29

Alpha-glucagon, Beta - insulin, Gamma - Somatostatin

Question 30

Action of insulin on target cells

Answer 30

up regulation of glucose transporters

Question 31

Type I Diabetes

Answer 31

Autoimmune attack of beta cells, inability to produce insulin.

Question 32

Type II Diabetes

Answer 32

High levels of glucose in the bloodstream cause over time insensitivity to insulin.

Question 33

HARD: Gametogenesis: Males

Answer 33

Spermatogonia undergo mitotic differentiation to become a primary spermatocyte. After one meiotic division, you get a secondary spermatocyte, then another meiotic division to achieve a spermatid. Spermatids undergo continue differentiation to produce mature spermatozoa.

Question 34

HARD: Gametogenesis: Females

Answer 34

Oogonia undergo mitotic differentiation to become a primary oocyte. The primary oocyte undergoes one round of meiotic division to become a secondary oocyte, but is then in meiotic arrest until fertilization where it can finally become a mature ovum.

Question 35

Hypogonadism

Answer 35

insufficient testosterone

Question 36

Kleinfelter Syndrome

Answer 36

XXY - decreased masculinity, increased estrogen

Question 37

Anabolic Steroid Use

Answer 37

Synthetic Androgens-->decreased testosterone naturally, testosterone inhibits estrogen, therefore there is more estrogen around with less testosterone

Question 38

Hormonal Changes During Pregnancies

Answer 38

human chorionic gonadotropin increases during fertilization which tells the corpus luteum to stick around and produce estrogen and progesterone in combination, which inhibits FSH and LH, stopping another cycle.

Question 39

D-Tubocurarine (curare)

Answer 39

Ach antagonist. Binds to the receptor, but does not cause opening of Na+ channels. No depolarization in muscle. Can cause death by lack of contraction of the lungs (asphyxiation)

Question 40

Organophosphates/ "Nerve Gas"

Answer 40

Prevents the action of acetylcholinesterase, which cannot degrade Ach, therefore keeping channels open. inactivation and desensitization of Na+ channels cause paralysis.

Question 41

Succinylcholine

Answer 41

Agonist, produces a depolarizing block similar to nerve gas. Used during surgery

Question 42

Botox

Answer 42

Prevents the release of Ach vesicles from the presynaptic by degrading SNARES that would otherwise help to fuse the vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.

Question 43

Relationship between sarcolemma, T tubules, terminal cistern, DHP receptors, ryanodine, and Ca2+

Answer 43

During an action potential, signal propagates from sarcolemma down the T tubules, to the DHP receptor, which acts as a voltage sensor. The DHP tugs on the ryanodine receptor, opening it so that Ca2+ can flow into the cytosol and work with troponin.

Question 44

Slow Oxidative {SO} Type I Fibers: [Primary ATP Source,Mitochondria,Rate of fatigue,contraction velocity,fiber diameter]

Answer 44

Oxidative phosphorylation,many mitos , slow rate of fatigue,slow velocity,small fiber diameter

Question 45

Fast-Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers {FOG} Type IIa: [Primary ATP Source,Mitochondria,Rate of fatigue,contraction velocity,fiber diameter]

Answer 45

Oxidative phosphorylation, many mitos, intermediate rate of fatigue,fast contraction velocity,large fiber diameter

Question 46

Fast-Glycolytic-Fibers {FG} Type IIb: [Primary ATP Source,Mitochondria,Rate of fatigue,contraction velocity,fiber diameter]

Answer 46

Glycolysis,few mitos, fast rate of fatigue, fast contraction velocity, large fiber diameter

Question 47

High Level Neuromuscular Control

Answer 47

Sensorimotor Cortex, memory, emotions, motivation

Question 48

Intermediate Level Neuromuscular Control

Answer 48

Sensorimotor Cortex, Basal Nuclei, Thalamus, Brainstem, Cerebellum

Question 49

Local Level Neuromuscular Control

Answer 49

Brainstem and spinal cord interneurons, receptors, muscle fibers

Question 50

Muscle Spindles: Muscle Stretch

Answer 50

both intra and extrafusal fibers stretching and sending action potentials

Question 51

Muscle Spindles: Muscle Contraction

Answer 51

Both intra and extrafusal fibers compressing and sending action potentials

Question 52

Alpha Gamma coactivation

Answer 52

When there is no muscle change, gamma signals on the intrafusal fibers cause tension to remain so that spindle doesn't go slack and stop signaling.

Question 53

Female Hormonal Important days [just the days]

Answer 53

1,7,14,25,28

Question 54

Female Hormonal Important days[occurences]

Answer 54

1-7 follicles develop, 7-14 dominant follicle, 14-ovulation, 14-25 corpus luteum, 25-28 corpus degenerates

Question 55

Six levels of follicular stages

Answer 55

primordial follicle, primary oocyte, prenantral follicle, Early antral follicle, mature follicle, ovulation