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Physiology > Unit 2: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Unit 2: Homeostasis Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Exocrine Gland Vs. Endocrine Gland

A

The endocrine gland sends hormones into the blood stream/ interstitial fluid space, whereas the exocrine glands send things outside of the body into the “lumen”

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2
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

Tear ducts, digestive juices into the stomach

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3
Q

What is the Star Trek example of the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

The Hypothalamus is the captain, whereas the pituitary gland is the first officer.

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4
Q

How does the endocrine system signal broadcast relate to cells?

A

Cells have specific receptors that “tune in” to different broadcasts by the endocrine system.

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5
Q

Three types of hormones:

A

Peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and amine hormones

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6
Q

Peptide Hormone Stages{pre…]

A

Preprohormone is turned into pro hormone during the synthesis stage. Proteolytic enzymes then break down the pro hormone into the hormone and the pro fragments during the packaging.

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7
Q

What is the usual destination for peptide hormones?

A

They bind to receptors on target cells that begin second messenger pathways.

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8
Q

Steroids: hydrophilic/lipophilic

A

lipophilic

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9
Q

Steroid Hormone Structure and Secretion: Where do Steroids come from?

A

Derived from cholesterol. Peptide hormone attaches to receptor that turns cholesterol into steroid hormone.

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10
Q

How do steroids [hydrophobic] travel through the water?

A

Globulins help steroids move through the water

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11
Q

Inner and outer Adrenal …

A

Adrenal Medulla: inner; Adrenal Cortex: Outer

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12
Q

What are the two major thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4

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13
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Derived from tyrosine via enzymatic reactions; norepinephrine, epinephrine

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14
Q

Define permissiveness

A

When one hormones “permits” another hormone to elicit its maximal activity.

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15
Q

What two nuclei normally send electrical signals from the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

The Supraoptic, and Paraventricular

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16
Q

What tube transports hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

The Hypothalami-Hypophyseal portal vessels

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17
Q

What is considered an extension of the hypothalamus?

A

The Posterior Pituitary

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18
Q

What is the technical name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

Infundibulum

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19
Q

What is a control difference between the posterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary?

A

The posterior usually sends out hormones directly, whereas the anterior signals for other glands to release the hormones.

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20
Q

Oxytocin, sometimes referred to as the ___ chemical, and is released from ___

A

cuddle, the posterior pituitary

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21
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

anti diuretic hormone ADH released from posterior pituitary

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22
Q

Tropic Effect

A

stimulates changes

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23
Q

Trophic Effect

A

stimulates growth (differentiation of its target)

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24
Q

What are two general causes of endocrine disorders?

A

Primary and Secondary Hyper secretion, and hyper responsiveness

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25
Thyroid: T3 and T4, what is more abundant, and what is more active?
T4 more abundant, T3 more active
26
What turns T4 into T3?
Deiodinase
27
What are the anatomical components of a thyroid follicle?
The inner colloid and the outer Follicular cells
28
What does the colloid in a thyroid follicle contain?
proteins, thyroglobulin, enzymes
29
What do the follicular cells in a thyroid follicle do?
provide stuff for the colloid, and exit for colloid particles
30
For thyroid hormone synthesis, describe the process of "trapping"
Iodide is cotransported with Na+ into the Follicular cells, then it is assisted by pendrin into the colloid where it builds, and is endocytose back into the follicular cell, then secreted into the blood
31
Hypothyroidism: Causes
Insufficient dietary iodide, or loss of hormone producing thyroid cells
32
Hypothyroidism: Thyroid size changes
Less thyroid hormone does not cause negative feedback onto the hypothalamus, so the hypothalamus sends a lot of thyroid stimulating hormone, which has a trophic (growth) effect on the thyroid, causing it to swell and grow [goiter]
33
Hyperthyroidism: Causes
Thyroid tumors have hormone secreting ability and create a lot of TSH, or the TSH receptors are very sensitive [hyperresponsive]
34
What nervous system are the Adrenal Glands controlled by?
The sympathetic nervous system.
35
Which part of the adrenal glands release steroids, and which release catecholamines?
Cortex- steroids, Medulle-catecholamines, mostly epinephrine
36
How are alpha and beta adrenergic receptors characterized?
By how well they take a message from norepinephrine vs. epinephrine.
37
What does aldosterone affect?
mineralocorticoid, alters pH and ion concentration
38
Where is cortisol released from>
The zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex
39
What is cortisol known as?
The stress hormone
40
What are some basal level functions of cortisol?
Blood pressure, metabolic activity, anti inflammatory functions, fetal development
41
CRH
corticotropin releasing hormone
42
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
43
What is the name of the disease for adrenal insufficiency?
Addison's disease, primary low cortisol secretion
44
What is Cushing's Syndrome?
Condition of too much cortisol secretion.
45
What is Cushing's Disease?
You have a tumor in the anterior pituitary that releases too much cortisol.
46
Where does bone growth occur?
At the epiphyseal growth plate in a longbone.
47
What is Cholesterol turned into that is a precursor of both progesterone, and DHEA?
pregnenoione
48
Where is progesterone released from?
the ovaries
49
Progesterone is turned into what?
Androstenedione
50
Both Androstenedione and Testosterone are turned into ___ via ____.
Turned into estrogen via aromatase
51
Where is estrogen secreted from?
ovaries
52
Where is DHEA secreted from?
Adrenal Cortex
53
Testosterone is secreted from
the testes
54
General Reproduction Pathway
kisspeptin allows the secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus, which causes the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH to the Gonads. The release of sex hormones from the gonads can also cause negative feedback to the anterior pituitary
55
Leydig cells
testosterone-secreting endocrine cell that lies between the seminiferous tubules
56
Rete testes
network of canals at the end of the seminiferous tubules
57
Epididymis
portion of duct system between the seminiferous tubules and the vas deferens. Lies on top of the testes.
58
Spermatic cord
ties the vas deferent and blood vessels together
59
Seminal vesicles
glands that secrete fluid into the Vas Deferens
60
Ejaculatory ducts
continuation of vas deferens into urethra
61
Prostate gland
offers seminal fluid into the urethra
62
Stages of sperm
Spermatogonia-->1oSpermatocytes-->2oSpermatocytes-->spermatids-->spermatozoa
63
What stimulates Leydig cells?
LH
64
What stimulates Sertoli cells?
FSH
65
What are some of the functions of testosterone?
Stimulate muscle, bone, and hair growth, increased emotion, and decrease in estrogen.
66
What do Sertoli cells cause?
spermatogenesis, and the negative feedback via inhibin.
67
Hypogonadism
Primary or secondary insufficient testosterone.
68
Kleinfelter Syndrome
XXY chromosome, decreased masculinity, increased estrogen.
69
Anabolic steroid abuse
Synthetic androgens added to the body decrease the natural production of testosterone. The lack of natural testosterone to inhibit estrogen causes increased estrogen. This causes secondary female characteristics, lowered sperm count, and infertility at times.
70
What parts of the female reproductive system do FSH and LH stimulate especially in the Early Follicular Phase?
FSH stimulates the granulosa cells, and LH stimulates the Theca cells.
71
How is estrogen produced in the early follicular phase?
The theca cells produce androgens which the granulosa cells use in combination with aromatase to produce estrogen.
72
What are two negative feedback mechanisms in the early follicular phase?
Granulosa cells are creating inhibin which provide negative feedback on FSH in the anterior pituitary, and production of estrogen creates negative feedback on LH and GnRH.
73
Where is progesterone produced from in the Early Follicular Phase?
Theca Cells
74
What is the key feature of the late Follicular phase entering into ovulation?
Massive amounts of estrogen being released from the chosen follicle, therefore positive feedback both for GnRH, and LH, creating the known LH surge.
75
What is the name for uncalcified cells in bone?
Chondrocytes
76
What is the name of the place were new bone cells are created?
The epiphyseal growth plate
77
What is it called when the bone calcifies?
Ossification
78
Acromegaly
Elevated GH after closure of the epiphyseal growth plates (tumor in the AP)
79
Giantism
elevated GH secretion before closure of the epiphyseal growth plates (tumor in AP)
80
Short stature
insufficiency OR hypo responsiveness to growth hormone.
81
What does cortisol do to growth?
It suspends growth, inhibits GH secretion.
82
What are other names for the unfed and fed state?
Unfed = Postabsorptive, catabolic. Fed = Absorptive, anabolic.
83
Catabolism
breaking down molecules for energy
84
Anabolism
making molecules to store energy
85
Glycogenolysis
glycogen-->glucose
86
Glycogenesis
glucose-->glucose
87
Lipolysis
triglycerides-->glycerol + fatty acids
88
Lipogenesis
fatty acids + glycerol = triglycerides
89
Proteolysis
proteins--> amino acids
90
Gluconeogenesis
amino acids + lactic acid +glycerol = glucose
91
Protein synthesis
amino acids --> proteins
92
Islets of Langerhans
Tissue in the pancreas that contains alpha, beta, and delta cells
93
a,b,d cells in pancreas
alpha = glucagon, beta = insulin, delta = somatostatin.
94
Alpha Cells/ Glucagon
Responds to low blood glucose
95
Beta Cells/ Insulin
Responds to high blood glucose
96
Incretins
Sent by the GI tract telling that there is food
97
What does insulin do at target cells?
It causes the up regulation of glucose transporters
98
Type I Diabetes
Rare, due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells, insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas.
99
Type II Diabetes
cells not sensitive to insulin
100
Where is progesterone and estrogen produced during the late Follicular Phase?
The corpus luteum
101
How is negative feedback achieved in the Luteal phase?
The corpus luteum produces progesterone combined with estrogen, decreasing LH and GnRH, as well as producing inhibin which negatively feeds back on FSH.
102
Proliferative Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Estrogen and Progesterone cause the endometrium and myometrium to thicken
103
Secretory Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Progesterone thickens the mucous and prevents myometrial contractions. The Uterine wall vascularizes, secretes sperm friendly enzymes, and stores glycogen.
104
Menstruation
Prostaglandins induce vasoconstriction and bursting of blood vessels which sloughs off tissue. As the corpus luteum dies, there is no longer progesterone, which stops inhibition of myometrial contractions.
105
hCG
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - During pregnancy, the placenta releases this to signal the corpus luteum to stay around and continue to produce estrogen and progesterone so that FSH and LH stay low and do not cause another Ovulatory cycle.

Physiology (10 decks)

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