Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ophthalmology > Unit 2 - Glaucoma > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Glaucoma Flashcards

(45 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are ‘the glaucomas?’

A

a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure and progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we care about the glaucomas?

A

Pain and vision loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pertinent anatomy to glaucoma?

A

Ciliary body

Posterior and anterior chambers

Iridocorneal angle

Pectinate ligaments

Ciliary cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the normal intraocular pressure of dogs and cats?

A

10-20 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the normal intraocular pressure in horses?

A

15-30 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What produces aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What enzyme is in charge of active secretion of aqueous humor from the ciliary body epithelium?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is in charge of the outflow of aqueous humor?

A

Iridocorneal angle - trabecular neshwork (conventional) and uveoscleral (non-conventional)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Normal intraocular pressure relies on what?

A

A balance between production and outflow of aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glaucoma is always due to what (physiologic level)?

A

Impaired outflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The clinical signs of glaucoma vary depending on what?

A

Severity, duration, and cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What clinical signs are consistent with glaucoma (not chronic)?

A

Decreased to absent vision

Migraine pain

Injected episcleral vessels

Dilated pupil

Diffuse corneal edema

Optic nerve cupping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What clinical signs are consistent with chronic glaucoma?

A

Buphthalmos, Haab’s striae, lens subluxation, and retinal degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the preferred tool for diagnosing glaucoma?

A

Tonovet

Other options: Digital (fingers), Schiotz or cotton swab (indentation), and Tonopen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tonovet uses ______ tonometry and it (does/does not) require topical anesthetic to use. Tonopen uses _____ tonometry and it (does/does not) require topical anesthetic to use.

A

Rebound

Does not

Applanation

Does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

You have glaucoma if what two things are occuring?

A

There is elevated IOP and consistent clinical signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Classify primary glaucoma.

A

Occurs without antecedent ocular disease

Breed-related

Bilateral

Eventually blinding

Treat early to prolong vision and comfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Classify secondary glaucoma.

A

Sequelae from other intraocular disease

Most common in cats and horses

Unilateral or bilateral

Treat underlying cause for better prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common form of glaucoma in dogs?

20
Q

What is goniodysgenesis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Iridocorneal angle malformation

21
Q

What is the typical signalment for primary glaucoma?

Study These Flashcards
A

Females are at a greater risk

Average age of onset 6-8 years

22
Q

Secondary glaucoma is a sequelae of what diseases?

Study These Flashcards
A

Uveitis, lens luxation, intraocular neoplasia, and others (hyphema, retinal detachment, intumescent cataract)

23
Q

How does uveitis cause secondary glaucoma?

Study These Flashcards
A

Inflammatory cells clog the drain

Iris bombe is the synechiae

24
Q

What is used to differentiate between primary and secondary glaucoma?

Study These Flashcards
A

Signalment

Ophthalmic examination

Gonioscopy

Histopathology

25
What is gonioscopy?
The visualization of the iridocorneal angle using a special lens
26
What are the general principles of glaucoma management?
Must recognize the clincal signs Determine if primary or secondary Prognosticate vision Lower IOP as quickly as possible
27
What two questions should you ask yourself in regards to treatment of glaucoma?
Is the eye visual or not? Is the glaucoma primary or secondary
28
'Is the eye visual or not?' How would you treat it if it was visual? Not visual?
Visual - medical +/- surgical therapies Non-visual - salvage procedures for end-stage globe
29
'Is the glaucoma primary or secondary?' How would you treat if primary? Secondary?
Primary - treat affected eye but remember to start prophylactic therapy for contralateral eye Secondary - treat glaucoma but also underlying cause
30
What is the goal of prophylactic glaucoma therapy of the contralateral eye?
Delay the onset of glaucoma by several months
31
What are the options for prophylactive glaucoma treatment?
Demecarium bromide - 0.125% Prednisolone acetate 1%
32
What are the recommended general medications for glaucoma therapy?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Prostaglandin analogs Beta blockers Parasympathomimetics Hyperosmotic agents
33
What are the recommended carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma?
Dorzolamide or brinzolamide BID-QID
34
What are the recommended prostaglandin analogs for the treatment of glaucoma?
Latanoprost or travoprost SID-TID
35
What are the recommended beta blockers for the treatment of glaucoma?
Timolol BID
36
What are the recommended parasympathomimetics for the treatment of glaucoma?
Demecarium bromide
37
What are the recommended hyperosmotic agents (emergency) for the treatment of glaucoma?
Mannitol IV or glycerin PO
38
What drugs should not be used for the treatment of glaucoma?
Never use dilating agents (atropine or tropicamide) Timolol - caution in cats and small dogs No miotic agents (latanoprost, demecarium bromide) if anterior lens luxation If uveitis - add latanoprost
39
What is the recommended emergency treatment for acute glaucoma?
Hyperosmotic agents (mannitol or glycerin) - draws fluid from vitreous Dorzolamide +/- timolol topical Aqueocentesis if medications are ineffective (27 or 30 gauge)
40
When should a patient be rechecked after glaucoma diagnosis?
1 day, then 1 week, then 1 month
41
T/F: Primary glaucoma is a good long-term prognosis
False - poor
42
What are the surgery options for visual glaucoma patients?
Diode laser treatment of ciliary body Gonioimplant to increase AH outflow Experimental surgeries under investigation
43
What are the glaucoma surgery options for end-stage for irreversibly blind, painful eyes?
Enucleation Evisceration with prosthesis Chemical ablation
44
T/F: Chemical ablation is just for end-stage glaucoma in dogs
True - bad for cats
45
What are important things to let your clients know when their pet has been diagnosed with glaucoma?
Poor prognosis Progression is variable, but slower with therapy If primary - the contralateral eye will become affected but slower and less severe with prophylactic therapy Usually results in blindness Painful IOP not controlled comfort is a priority

Ophthalmology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions