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Ophthalmology > Unit 1 - Intro and Anatomy Review > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Intro and Anatomy Review Flashcards

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1
Q

When assessing the symmetry of the orbits, what should be examined?

A

Globe position, third eyelid position, and globe retropulsion - this should be done from far away as well as with palpation

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2
Q

When examining the orbit via an oral examination, what should you be assessing?

A

+/- pain on opening the mouth and pytergopalatine fossa caudal to the last upper molar

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3
Q

The orbital lacrimal gland produces __-__% of aqueous tears and the third eyelid gland produces ___-___%.

A

60-70% 30-40%

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4
Q

What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

A

Dry eye disease when there is an insufficient amount of aqueous tears

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5
Q

What species is keratoconjunctivitis sicca common in?

A

dogs

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6
Q

What extraocular muscles are innervated by CN 3?

A

Medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and superior rectus

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7
Q

What extraocular muscles are innervated by CN 4?

A

Superior oblique

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8
Q

What extraocular muscles are innervated by CN 6?

A

Lateral rectus and insertion of the retractor bulbi

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9
Q

What muscles elevate the upper lid?

A

Levator anguli oculi medialis, levator palpebrae superioris, and frontalis muscles

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10
Q

What muscle depresses the lower eyelid?

A

Malaris muscle

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11
Q

What muscle constricts the palpebral fissure?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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12
Q

A.

A

Orbicularis

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13
Q

B.

A

Levator

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14
Q

C.

A

Meibomian gland

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15
Q

A.

A

Bulbar

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16
Q

B.

A

Palpebral

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17
Q

C.

A

Nictitans

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18
Q

D.

A

Fornices

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19
Q

What are the layers of the tilaminar tear film (out to in) and what does it sit on top of?

A

Lipid, aqueous, mucin, and corneal epithelium

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20
Q

What are the tunics of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and neural tunic

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21
Q

The epithelium of the cornea is ____philic.

A

lipo

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22
Q

What is the stroma of the cornea made up of?

A

collagen

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23
Q

The stroma of the cornea is _____philic.

A

hydro

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24
Q

Descemet’s membrane is _____philic.

A

lipo

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25
What does the endothelium of the cornea do?
It removes fluid from the cornea to maintain relative dehydration/clarity
26
A.
Iris
27
B.
Ciliary body
28
C.
Choroid
29
What are the regions of the iris?
Pupillary ruff, iris collarette, sphincter and dilator muscles, and autonomic innervation
30
What is pupillary ruff also known as in equids?
Corpora nigrans and granula iridica
31
What is the function of the iris?
To modulate light to the retina
32
What is the function of the ciliary body?
it produces aqueous humor
33
In cases of uveitis, what does the ciliary muscle do?
It spasms - painfully
34
The _____ pathway is the most common direction that the aqueous humor flows. It flows around the _________ \_\_\_\_.
Conventional, iridocorneal angle
35
What are the components of the lens?
Zonules, lens capsule, lens fibers, nucleus (centered), cortex (peripheral)
36
What is the function of the vitreous?
It maintains eye shape and retinal position as well as transmits light
37
What is the main component of vitreous?
It is 99% water
38
What are the components of the fundus?
Retina, choroid (+/- tapetum), sclera, and the optic nerve head
39
Is the tapetum on the dorsal or ventral aspect of the optic nerve head?
dorsal aspect
40
What does the retina do?
It receives light and converts it into electrical impulse. The electrical impulse is sent to the optic nerve which communicates with the brain and voila we have vision
41
There are ___ layers total in the retina.
10
42
What do the rods 'perceive'? What vision are they responsible for?
Dim light, peripheral vision
43
What do the cones 'perceive'? What vision are they responsible for?
Daylight, color, visual acuity
44
What type of retina does a dog have?
Holangiotic
45
What type of retina does a horse have?
Paurangiotic
46
What type of retina does a rabbit have?
Merangiotic
47
What type of retina does a pig have?
Holangiotic
48
What type of retina does a rat have?
Holangiotic
49
What type of retina does a bird have?
Anangiotic
50
The choroid is typically \_\_\_\_\_\_, it has a lot of ______ \_\_\_\_\_, and may or may not have a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
pigmented, blood vessels, and tapetum
51
What is the main nutrition source for the outer retina?
Choriocapillaris
52
What does the tapetum do?
It reflects unabsorbed light rays back to photoreceptors and improves light sensitivity but decreases acuity
53
Describe the visual pathway.
1. The light hits the retina. 2. Photoreceptors convert the light to electrical impulse. The electrical impulse relayed through inner retinal layers to ganglion cells. 3. The axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve. 4. The optic nerve exits the globe at the optic disc/optic nerve head. 5. The optic nerve reaches the optic chiasm. The impulse then goes to the optic tract. 6. After the optic tract the impulse goes to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. 7. There are then optic radiations to the cerebral cortex of the occipital lobe where visual processing occurs.
54
Decussation is the action of nerve fibers crossing to form an X. What percentage of the nerve fibers from the optic nerve in a bird cross? Horse? Dog? Cats? Humans?
Birds - 100% Horses - 85% Dogs - 75% Cats - 65% Humans 50%
55
80% of the fibers in the optic tract go where and for what?
They go to the lateral geniculate nucleus for vision
56
Explain the PLR pathway.
1. Of the 20% of the fibers that didn't go to the geniculate nucleus, 20% of them go to the pretectal nuclei. 2. The remaining 80% dessucate and go to the parasympathetic nuclei of the oculomotor nerve. 3. The parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve synapse in the ciliary ganglion. 4. The short posterior ciliary nerves terminate at the iris sphincter.
57
PLR does not mean an animal is visual. Why?
The fibers for the PLR branch off of the optic tract before the lateral geniculate nucleus. Animals that are blind from cortical disease can have normal PLRs
58
What cranial nerves govern the palpebral reflex?
CN 5 (feel) and CN 7 (motor)
59
What cranial nerves govern the menace response?
CN 2 and CN 7
60
What cranial nerves govern the pupillary light reflex?
CN 2 and CN 3
61
The direct PLR is in which eye? indirect?
Direct = illuminated eye Indirect = contralateral (not illuminated) eye
62
What cranial nerves govern the dazzle reflex?
CN 2 and CN 7
63
What cranial nerves govern the oculocephalic reflex?
CN 3, 4, 6, and 8

Ophthalmology (13 decks)

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