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Anatomy > Unit 2: Histology > Flashcards

Unit 2: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Tissues

A

collection of cells & cell products; that perform specific limited functions

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2
Q

4 Basic Tissue Types;

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Nervous
  3. Connective
  4. Epithelial
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3
Q

Define Epithelial tissue function

A

covers exposed surfaces (lining)
lines internal pathways
forms glands

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4
Q

Define Connective Tissue function

A

fills internal spaces- packing materia;
supports other tissues- bone & cartilage
transport materials- blood and lymph
stores energy - adipose tissue- fat
extracellular matrix: non-cellular, non-living parts of CT; can have protein fibers

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5
Q

Define muscle tissue function

A

contraction (in blood vessels & organs)- does not put itself back

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6
Q

name 3 types of muscle tissue & function

A

skeletal- voluntary
cardiac- found in walls of hollow organs
smooth

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7
Q

Define function of neural tissue

A

conducting electrical impulses

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8
Q

2 different types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. epithelial
  2. glandular
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9
Q

Define epithelia

A

layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces
ex. epidermis

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10
Q

define glands

A

structures that produce secretion

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11
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of epithelia?

A
  1. Cellularity
  2. polarity
  3. attachment
  4. avascularity
  5. regeneration
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12
Q

Define the characteristic of epithelial: cellularity

A

When cells are closely bound together (so they can regulate what can enter the body) by structures called- cell junctions
other tissue types are separated by ECM

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13
Q

Define the characteristic of epithelial: Polarity

A

refers to the presence of structural and functional differences

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14
Q

What are the two sides of polarity found in epithelia?

A

apical surface- top surface
basolateral surface- bottom and the sides
- attached to another cell or basement membrane and the sides which contract neighboring cells

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15
Q

Define the characteristic of epithelial: Attachment

A

epithelia are anchored to a layer of extracellular material- basal lamina or basement membrane (

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16
Q

Define the characteristic of epithelial: Avascularity

A

No blood vessels- must obtain nutrients through diffusion to absorption usually through CT

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17
Q

Define the characteristic of epithelial: regeneration

A

the rate of cell division & regeneration is higher than other tissues
- constantly getting rid of top layer- self-cleaning epidermis
new epidermis every 4-6 weeks
epithelial lining: wear and tear

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18
Q

List teh 4 functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. provide physical protection
  2. control permeability
  3. provide sensation
  4. provide specialized functions
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19
Q

How does epithelial tissue provide physical protection?

A

the epidermin prptects the inside of the body from abrasions, microbes, chemicals and dehydration

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20
Q

What are some examples of epithelial tissue monitoring permeability?

A

The epithelial lining of intestine, kidneys and lungs monitors what’s going in and out

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21
Q

How does the epithelial tissue produce sensation?

A

through highly specialized cells
ex. taste buds, eyes and ears

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22
Q

What is an example of epithelial tissue providing highly specialized functions?

A

glandular epithelial tissues

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23
Q

List 3 ways in how epithelial cells specialize

A
  1. moving or pushing materials over the epithelial tissue
  2. absorption
  3. secretion
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24
Q

Give an example of moving or pushing materials over the epithelial tissue?

A

function of ciliated epithelial
e.g. lining of respiratory passageways to move mucus

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25
Q

Define cilia

A

hair-life orgalles that wave or beat (rhythmic movement)
- cell has 250 cilia that beat in a coordinate manner

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26
Q

Example of epithelial tissue role in absorption

A

absorbing nutrients from intestine

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27
Q

example of epithelial tissue roles in secretion

A

mucus

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28
Q

What is absorption and secretion aided by? Define it and what do they do

A

Microvilli- tiny bumps of cell membrane
increases SA and absorbs more stuff= efficient
ex. lining of small intestine

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29
Q

Explain the concept of intracellular connections to epithelial tissue

A

gives strength to epithelial tissue & help them communicate with each other

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30
Q

What does intracellular connections involve ? (2)

A
  1. extensive areas of adjacent cell membranes
  2. specialized cell junctions
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31
Q

Define cell adhesion molecules

A

transmembrane proteins that interconnect large areas of adjacent cell membranes
- can bind to each other or the basement membrane

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32
Q

Name 3 catgeories of cell junctions

A
  1. tight junction
  2. gap junctions
  3. desmosomes
    a. spot desmosomes
    b. hemidesmosomes
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33
Q

define cell junctions

A

specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or to extracellular materials

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34
Q

define tight junction

A

between apical portions of adjacent cells
- bound tightly –>prevents water and other substances from leaking b/w the cells
- useful when epithelium lines a tube e.g. intestine

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35
Q

define gap junctions

A

allow rapid communication b/w the 2 connected cells- communication helps coordinate function
e.g. beating of cilila
- found in cells where communication takes place
e.g. heart muscles & contractions fo smooth muscle cells
- 2 neighboring cells held together by channel; proteins
-allow ions and small molecules to pass cell to cell

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36
Q

Define desmosomes

A

ensure stretching or twisting- very stronng
e.g. superficial layers of ski
- skin peels due to it

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37
Q

define spot desmosomes

A

ties adjacent cells together

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38
Q

define hemidesmosomes

A

attach a cell to extracellular structures such as protein fibers in the basement membrane

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39
Q

Define basement membrane

A

made of layers of proteins that strengthen epithelia
-help form a barrier b/w epithelia & underlying tissue

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40
Q

What is classification of epithelia based on?

A

based off of cell shape
# of layers

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41
Q

What are 3 epithelia cell shapes? w/ description & ex

A

squamos- thin and flat
cuboidal- squarish
columnar- tall slender rectangle

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42
Q

What are the 2 # of layers for epithelia? w/ description & ex

A

stratified- several layers of cells ex. callus
simple- a single layer of cells ex. oxygen diffusion

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43
Q

What is simple epithelium good for? w/ ex.

A

where substances need to be absorbed through the epithelium
e.g. lining of lungs, lining of intestines

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44
Q

What is stratified epithelia good for? w/ ex

A

good for areas that need protection from wear and tear & friction
e.gi epidermis, lining of thorat

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45
Q

Define germinative cells

A

type of stem cells that epithelial cells grow from; located near the basement membrane

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46
Q

Defne glands

A

collection of epithelial cells that produces secretion

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47
Q

Define endocrine glands

A

secretes chemical messengers called hormones which get released into bodily fluids
- ductless glands

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48
Q

Define exocrine glands

A

release secretions into ducts that open onto an epithelial surface
- ducts empty onto the skin surface or an epithelium lining

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49
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

perspiration fo skin, tears, mucus, milk–> mammary glands, saliva, enzymes entering the digestive tract

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50
Q

List the 3 modes of secretion

A
  1. merocrine secretion
  2. apocrine secretion
  3. holocrine secretion
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51
Q

Describe merocrine secretion

A

most common form of secretion
product packaged into secretory vesicles & released from the vesicles by exocytosis

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52
Q

Describe apocrine secretion

A

“apo” apical portion of the cell (top)
products is released when the apical portion of the cell pinches off and breaks down
some cytoplasm is lost w. the secretory product
- the cell can regenerate a new apical region & start over r

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53
Q

Example of apocrine secretion

A

cells of mammary glands release milk this way

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54
Q

How would you differentiate between apocrine secretion and merocrine secretion?

A

You would look for cytoplasm to differentiate from merocrine

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55
Q

Describe holocrine secretion

A

product is released when the cells burst which kills the gland cell; destroys the whole gland cell
- gland cell gets replaced with division of stem cells (germinative cells)

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56
Q

Ex of holocrine secretion

A

cells of sebaceous gland–> sebum; oil glands in skin

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57
Q

list 2 TYPES of secretions

A
  1. serous secretions
  2. Mucus glands
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58
Q

Describe serous secretions

A

watery solutions that contain proteins- enzymes

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59
Q

ex of serous secretions

A

gastric chief cells

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60
Q

describe mucous secretions

A

the gland cells secretes molecules called mucins–> which mix w. water to form mucus

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61
Q

ex. of mucuous secretions

A

various digestive glands produce mucus

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62
Q

Function of mucus

A

protect the digestive tract from harsh digestive juices

63
Q

Goblet cells define

A

the only unicellular exocrine glands; secretes mucins

64
Q

define mesenchyme

A

what ct arrise from an embryonic tissue

65
Q

what are 3 characteristic of CT?

A
  1. specialized cells
  2. extracellular protein fibers
  3. fluid extracellular ground substance
    –> extracellular matrix
66
Q

difference between CT and ET

A

Et lines passageways that lead to the outside worlds
Ct is always inside
ET is avascular
CT is vascular (except cartilage)
both has sensory receptors

67
Q

define ground substance

A

thicker and stickier than normal ECM fluid

68
Q

Define matrix & describe

A

noncellular non-living parts of CT
-made of protein fibers & ground substance
- made by CT cells
Makes ups most of the tissue volume
martix differs with different Ct

69
Q

list 3 classifications of CT

A
  1. connective tissue proper (CTP)
  2. Fluid connective tissue
  3. Supporting CT
70
Q

define CTP

A

connect & protect
what tendons and ligaments are made out of

71
Q

define and give an ex. of fluid connective tissue

A

2- blood & lymph
transport things in body
watery matric w/ dissolved porteins –> can be transformed into solid form for blood clotting

72
Q

give ex. of supporting ct

A

bone and cartilage

73
Q

List 7 cells of CTP

A

fibroblast, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, macrophages, mast cells, melanocytes, and lymphocytes

74
Q

Define fibroblast

A

most common cell type in CTP
- produce ground substance & extracellular protein fibers - a lot of protein fibers is collagen

75
Q

define adipocytes

A

store energy in form of lipid molecule

76
Q

define mesenchymal cells

A

stem cells, can divide to make fibroblasts, adipocytes, or other CT cells

77
Q

define macrophage and identify 2 types & define

A

white blood cell (WBC); engulf & destroy pathogens and other stuff, dead cells
free macrophages- move like amoeba
fixed macrophage

78
Q

define mast cells

A

trigger local inflammation by releasing chemicals
e.g. histamines

79
Q

define melanocytes

A

produce melanin- brown pigmentation in skin
specifically around nuclei to protect the DNA
- UV rays make vitamin D

80
Q

define lymphocyte

A

WBC’s –> specific defenses
basis for immunity and vaccines; include T- cells and B-cells
plasma cells aka plasma B- cells make antibodies

81
Q

List 3 fibers in CTP

A
  1. collagen fibers
  2. reticular fibers
  3. elastic fibers
82
Q

define collagen fibers and e.g

what are they a major component of?
give e.g.

A

major component of tendons and ligaments
gives strength to many tissues
e.g. skin bones

83
Q

define reticular fibers

A

forms a branched network to support structure of organs

84
Q

define elastic fibers

A

similar to collagen fibers - made of protein elastin –> stretches and bounces back to original state
-rare compared to collagen fibers

85
Q

e.g. of elastic fiber

A

ligaments that interconnect the vertebrae

86
Q

list the 2 categories of CTP

A
  1. loose CT
  2. Dense CT
87
Q

Define loose CT

A

more ground substance
fewer protein fibers e.g. adipose tissue
the packaging of material of the body - fills in the spaces cushioning the body

87
Q

list the 3 types of loose CT

A
  1. areolar tissue
  2. adipose tissue
  3. reticular tissue
88
Q

define areolar tissue

A

least specialized & most generic type of tissue
viscous (thick) ground substance
- has some elastic fibers
- holds blood vessels and capillary beds

89
Q

e.g. of areolar tissue

A

find under the skin; subcutaneous layer

90
Q

Define adipose tisue

A

adipocytes; store fat, insulation & slowly heat loss

91
Q

What happens to adipocytes during fat loss or gain?

A

expand and shrink based off fat loss and gain
(same thing with muscle cells)
don’t divide

92
Q

define reticular tissue

A

reticular fibers; complex 3D network
provides support & maintains the shape of organs

93
Q

e.g. of reticular tissue

A

spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow

94
Q

Define Dense CT & e.g.

A

more fibers
less ground substance
e.g. what tendons and ligaments are made out of
-tightly packet w/ collagen and/or collagen fibers

95
Q

list 3 categories of dense CT

A
  1. Dense regular CT
  2. dense irregular CT
  3. elastci tissue
96
Q

define dense regular CT

A

tightly packed parallel collagen fibers
-> has strength to withstand forces coming from one direction
- good for tendons and ligaments- stresses on these structures come from predictable directions

97
Q

define tendons

A

attach muscles to bones

98
Q

define ligaments

A

attach bones ot bones
ligaments stabilize position for organs

99
Q

define aponeuroses

A

made up of broad, flat sheets of dense regular CT
-also attach muscles to bones

100
Q

define dense irregular CT & e.g.

A

interwoven networks of collagen fibers; no organized pattern;strength in all directions
e.g. skin (leather)
forms capsules & sheaths that surrounds organs

101
Q

define periosteum

A

around bones

102
Q

define perichondrium

A

around cartilages

103
Q

define elastic tissue & e.g.

A

dense regular CT dominated by elastic fibers (instead of collagen)
e.g. in the elastic ligaments that connect vertebrae

104
Q

What is the plasma?

A

matrix of the blood

105
Q

3 types of blood cells

A

RBCs
WBCs
platelets

106
Q

define RBCs

how much do they take up the volume of blood?

A

erythrocytes; make up approximately 1/2 volume of blood
carry CO2 in blood

107
Q

define WBCs

A

leukocytes
- 20 different types; various immune function

108
Q

define platelet

A

not cells; cell fragments
sticky- good for blood clotting

109
Q

define lymph

A

a fluid collected from interstitial space ( space b/w cell in tissues)
flows through lymphatic vessels & closely monitored by immune system
eventually becomes part of blood plasma when it returns to large veins near the heart

110
Q

list 3 major subdivisions of ECF (extracellular fluid)

A
  1. plasma
  2. interstitial fluid
  3. lympth
111
Q

what is the origin of interstitial fluid?

A

when blood flows through capillaries blood pressure forces water & small solutes through the walls of capillaries

112
Q

define interstitial fluid

A

bathes cells in tissues

113
Q

where does lymph end up?

A

2 large lymphatic vessels located under the clavicle (collarbone)
goes to subclavian veins- goes to blood & becomes plasma

114
Q

Calcified define?

A

Bone made rigid by calcium & other minerals

115
Q

define cartilage

A

ground substances is very thick gel material

116
Q

Where are chondrocytes located?

A

lacuna- a scooped out area w/in the thick gel matrix

117
Q

describe cartilage

A

avascular (unusual for tissues) & heats poorly
gets O2 and nutrients by slow diffusion through the thick, dense matrix

118
Q

list 3 types of cartilage

A
  1. hyalin cartilage
  2. elastic cartilages
  3. fibro cartilage
119
Q

define hyaline cartilage

A

glossy; the most common type
tough yet somewhat flexible

120
Q

e.g. of hyaline cartilage

A

trachea and nasal

121
Q

define elastic cartilage

A

supporting but bends easily
found in the external ear
ear- pinna or auricles
epigottis- flap that covers the larynx

122
Q

define fibrocartilage

A

very tough- the toughest cartilage
- prevents bone ot bone contact

123
Q

e.g. of fibrocartilage

A

in knee joints, in the intervertebral discs- cartilage b/w the vertebrae

124
Q

2 types of growth of cartilage

A

interstitial growth
appositional growth

125
Q

define interstitial growth

A

cell division & additional matrix from within the interior of the cartilage
- womb & throughout childhood

126
Q

define appositional growth

A

cell division & additional matricx around the outside surface
- used to repair damaged cartilage in adulthood

127
Q

what is bone also called?

A

osseous tissue

128
Q

what is 2/3 of the bone matrix?

A

mineral portion; calcium salts

129
Q

what is 1/3 of the bone matrix?

A

collagen fibers- bone can bend before fracturing; resists shattering

130
Q

Where are bone cells called and where do they reside”?

A

osteocytes ; small chambers called lacunae (same as chondrocytes)

131
Q

How are osteocytes arranged?

A

arranged in circular layers around central canals- contain small blood vessels w/in the bone matrix

132
Q

define canaliculi

A

bone cells access the blood supply through small channels that run through bone matrix

133
Q

Role & description of tissue membranes

A

line or cover bone sufaces
- consist of an epithelial layer w/ a supporting layer of CT underneath - areolar tissue

134
Q

Nam the 4 types of tissue membranes

A
  1. mucous membranes
  2. serous membranes
  3. the cutaneous membrane
  4. synovial membrane
135
Q

define mucous membranes,

A

lines passageways that connect to the outside world and keeps the surface moist w/ mucus

136
Q

e.g. of mucous membranes lining___

A

digestive, respiratory, urinary, repro tratcs

137
Q

What is mucous produced by>

A

goblet cells or multicellular glands

138
Q

How does mucous membrane facilitate absorption?

A

by absorbing O2 in the lungs

139
Q

define serous membranes

A

line sealed internal areas of the ventral body cavity
thin, transparent but strong

140
Q

what does serous membranes produce and what does it do?

A

produce a slippery fluid= transudate
- minimizes wear and tear in ventral cavity

141
Q

define the cutaneous membrane

A

skin- covers body surface
stratified-squamous epithelial- epidermis

142
Q

What is below the epidermis?

A

dense irregular Ct & areolar tissue= dermis

143
Q

Differences between the cutaneous membrane and the other membranes

A

skin is thick, somewhat waterproof, and relatively dry

144
Q

Define synovial membranes & what does it produce

A

line moving joint cavities
produce synovial fluid-> lubricates and protects the ends of bone in joints

145
Q

Why do bone cells heal faster than cartilage?

A

because it has access to bone supply unlike cartilage

146
Q

Define fasciae and function

A

CT layers and wrappings which support and surround organs
maintain the position of roagsn
provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

147
Q

Name 3 types of fascia

A
  1. superficial fascia
  2. deep fascia
  3. subserous fascia
148
Q

define superficial fascia

A

aka hypodermis aka subcutaneous layer
layer of fat below the skin; separates the skin from underlying tissues & organs

149
Q

Why do injection go in this layer?

A

there are no muscles or tendons
it is squishy fat loaded w/ blood vessels

150
Q

what is superficial fascia made up of?

A

areolar and adipose tissue

151
Q

Define deep fascia

A

made up of dense irregular CT- tough capsules around organs, bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilages and muscles

152
Q

What function does deep fascia do?

A

its leathery wrapping paper
does a lot of the framework (more collagen)
does not hold the structure
protects and holds in place

153
Q

Define subserous fascia

A

made up of areolar tissue; separate deep fascia from the serous membranes (lines body cavities)

Anatomy (8 decks)

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