- visible to the eye; macroscopic anatomy - large visible structures

Chapter 1- Introduction to A &P Flashcards by Riya Patel

What are the 2 types of metabolism?

Anabolism and Catabolism

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define anabolism

building bigger molecules out of smaller ones

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Examples of anabolism

anabolic steroids; making proteins from amino acids

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Define catabolism

breaking bigger molecules out of smaller ones

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examples of catabolism

salivary amylose- carbs–> sugar
breaks down amylase

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Define metabolism

all chemical reactions in the body

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Metabolism & glucose relationship

glucose-> energy-> ATP
or could fats-> long term
depends on the body if glucose is burned or stored

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What is the effect of the body´s ability to convert glucose to ATP and using it?

Losing and gaining weight

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What happens to the body’s ability to convert glucose to ATP when it is growing older?

The less efficient the body is at storing ATP- stores fat & gain weight

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What are the levels of structural organization in order?

chemicals-cells- tissues- organs- organ system- organism

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define anatomy

the study of the shape and structure of body parts

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Define gross anatomy

visible to the eye; macroscopic anatomy
large visible structures

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Define surface anatomy

exterior features of the body

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Define Systemic Anatomy & give an example

body system
eg. digestive

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Define Regional Anatomy & give and example

body areas
eg. abdominal anatomy

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Define developmental anatomy

changes throughout life: conception - death

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define clinical anatomy

-anatomy in a medical setting (hospital, Dr. office)
- knowledge of what’s normal and not for specialties

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define microscopic anatomy

examines stuff like tissues, cells, proteins and molecules

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define Physiology

the branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work of function

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Define organ physiology

functions of specific organs

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define Systemic physiology

functions of specific organ system

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define pathological physiology

how diseases are effecting you bodu

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What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils, white blood cells, lymph

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What does the lymphatic system do?

-defends against infection & disease
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
checking for pathogens and injuries

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What are the organs of the endocrine system?

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, and endocrine tissue

What does it mean when the lymph nodes are swollen?

white blood cells are righting infection

Where are white blood cells made?

bone marrow

what cells does the thymus gland have?

t- cells

Define homeostasis

stable internal environment - all body systems working together for a stable internal environment - healthy range

Examples of homeostasis

body temp, blood sugar, K +. Ca, O2, CO2, fluid & electrolyte balance, blood pressure

What roles do body stems have in homeostasis?

respond to change

What would happen if homeostasis is not maintained?

death and illness

What are the 2 basic mechanism of homeostasis regulation?

autoregulation/ intrinsic regulation - extrinsic regulation

define autoregulation/ intrinsic regulation

automatic response of a cell, tissue or organ to some environmental change (body environment)

ex. of autoregulation/ intrinsic regulation in tissues

tissue: low O2 levels --? blood vessels in tissue dilate -> has smooth muscle tissue (constriction & dilation) more blood flow = high O2

Can capillaries dilate

Define extrinsic regulation

response controlled by Nervous/ Endocrine system

ex. of extrinsic regulation w/ excercise

excercise -> Nervous system signals for blood flow to muscle & decrease other organs blood supply

What is the difference between endocrine and nervous system signals?

endocrine- slow nervous- fast

Define receptor

recieves a stimulus ( anything the body can detect)

define control center

recieves info from receptor and sends out commands to the effector - aka integration center- puts it together

Afferent

pathway going to the nervous system

efferent

pathway going AWAY from the nervous system

Define Negative feedback

stop; effector gets rid of stimululs

Define positive feeback

encourage response of the effector increases the size of the stimulus

Ex of positive feeback

blood clotting or labor contractions-> loop stops when mission is done - speeds up processors

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

Symptoms are subjective and are said by the patient. It is not something that is detectable or measurable. Signs are objective. It is something that can be seen physically.

How do sweat glands cools a person down?

Evaporation= heat- exists the body through evaporation which leaves sweat on the surface of the skin sweat absorbs heat from the body- turns into vapor and drifts away taking the heat w/ it EVAPORATIVE COOLING

How do dogs cool down?

By panting to cool from the mouth

How do honeybees cool down?

attaches water to hives and flaps their wings to cool it down

Why does an overheated person's face look more red?

blood vessels in the skin dilate; flow close to the skin

Why are elderly people sensitive to the cold?

reduced blood flow to the skin w/ old age; temp sensors in skin send flawed info to brain; so brain makes wrong conclusions and body temp is low

What provides new cells for growth and repair?

reproduction

What occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities?

growth

sagittal plane

separates left from right

front plane

separates anterior from posterior

transverse plane

separates superior from inferior

lateral

away from center line; by the sides

medial

toward the center line

proximal

toward an attached point

distal

away from attached base

Define cross section

slice perpendicular to the long axis

Functions of body cavity

provides protection for organs permit size & shape changes of internal organs

What is another name for ventral body cavity?

coelum (see-lum)

What is the ventral cavity divided up by?

Thoracic cavity/diaphragm/ abdominopelvic cavity

What is the diaphragm?

large muscle attached below the ribs- moves down- inhalation main muscle that powers breathing

define thoracic cavity

chest cavity; above the diaphragm

What is in the thoracic cavity?

The left and right pleural cavity Mediastinum

Define left and right pleural cavity

each one contains a lung

Define mediastinum

area b/w the lungs *not a cavity* Solid material Contains: large blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and pericardial cavity- lung

define abdominal cavity

from the diaphragm to the top of the hip bones contains digestive organs

define pelvic cavity

b/w the two hip bones contains repro organs , rectum, last section of large intestine, bladder

define viscera

organs of the ventral cavity

define serous membrane

line the body cavity & viscera ( shiny and slippery) - minimizes friction when moving

define Dorsal Body Cavity

brain & spinal cord (CNS)

define cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

circulates throughout the Dorsal body cavity

What are the two parts for the Dorsal body cavity?

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

define the cranial cavity

cranium, protects the brain

define the spinal cavity

made of vertebrae protects the spinal

What is essential for the normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing?

atmospheric pressure

What is required for the release of energy from foods

oxygen

What is the variable in this situation when too high or low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional?

Appropriate body temperature