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Anatomy > Chapter 5: The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the integumentary system

A
  1. cutaneous membrane
  2. Accessory Structures
  3. subcutaneous layer
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2
Q

2 components of the cutaneous membrane

A
  1. epidermis
  2. Dermins
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3
Q

What is the epidermis made of

A

epithelial tissue

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4
Q

What is the dermis

A

underlying area of CT

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5
Q

What are the accessory structures?

A

originate in the dermis
- extend through the epidermis to the skin surface

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6
Q

Examples of accessory structures

A

hairs, hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

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7
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

known as the subcutaneous layer/superficial fascia
- made of loose CT- adipose and areolar tissue
- injections go here
- separates the skin from deep fascia around other organs

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8
Q

5 functions of the integument & description

A
  1. protection e.g. from impact, abrasion, chemicals, microorganism, fluid loss, UV rays
  2. Excretion: salts, water, organic wastes in sweat
  3. Maintenance of Body Temperature- evaporation of sweat, insulation through subcutaneous layer
  4. Production of melanin: UVray protection
  5. Synthesis of Vitamin D3
  6. Storage: of lipids in adipose tissue in the hypodermis
  7. Detection of touch, pressure, pain temperature –>Signals to CNS
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9
Q

The epidermis is described as what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

If the epidermis is avascular, where does it get its nutrients from?

A

nutrients & O2 diffuse from cells and fluids in the dermis (has a blood supply)

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11
Q

Describe the nature of superficial and deep epidermis cells.

A

superficial- dead
deep- closer to dermis and more active

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12
Q

What are the most abundant cells in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

Function of keratinocytes

A

contain a lot of keratin
structural proteins- give strength to hair, skin and nails
provides a little bit of waterproofing

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14
Q

Where do you find thick skin and how many layers of keratinocytes does it have?

A

covers palms and soles of feet
5 layers of keratinocytes

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15
Q

What does thick skin not have and how thick is thick skin?

A

No hair follicles, no fingerprints
thick as a paper towel

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16
Q

Where do you find thin skin and how many layers of keratinocytes does it have?

A

covers most of the body
it has 4 layers of keratinocytes

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17
Q

Describe the thickness of thin skin and what structures it has.

A

thick as a plastic sandwich bag
has hair follicles no fingerprints

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18
Q

What are the 5 layers of keratinocytes in thick skin? (basement membrane to the free surface)

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosom
  4. Stratum Lucidum
  5. Statratum Corneum
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19
Q

How many rows of cells does S. Basale have?

A

single row- others have multiple layers of cells

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20
Q

What is S Basale attached to the membrane by?

A

Hemidesmosomes: joins cell to basement membrane

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21
Q

What does the S. Basale form?

A

forms epidermal ridges- fingerprints follow the pattern of these ridges
- interlock with dermal papillae- creates a strong bond b/w the two layers (dermis and epidermis)

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22
Q

What is the S. Basale the location of and what type of cells does it have an abundance of?

A

Germinative cells- stem cell that divide to replace epidermal cells
Location of melanocytes

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23
Q

What occurs in S. Granulosum?

A

cells stop diving & starts producing lots of keratin- tough fibrous, protein that gives strength and water resistance to hair, skin and nails

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24
Q

Where is S. Lucidum found in and describe the cells in this strata?

A

found only in thick skin
cells are flattened, densely packed, and filled with keratin

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25
Q

What is another name of the S. Corneum and what does it do?
What is it composed of

A

“honr layer”
covers all exposed surfaces except eyeballs and it is water resistant
15-30 layers of dead, keratinized cells tightly interconnected by desmosomes

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26
Q

How long do cells on the S. Corneum stay there for?

A

2 weeks untl they fall off onto the ground

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27
Q

How long does it take for cells to be come flat, dead and full of keratin?

A

15-30 days

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28
Q

Describe sensible perspiration

A

sweating, water excreted by sweat glands

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29
Q

Describe insensible perspiration

A

water lost by evaporation through s. corneum
includes exhalation of water vapor
S. corneum is water-resistant but you lose up to 500mL water per day by evaporation

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30
Q

Why does skin become wrinkly in water?

A

osmosis- in hypotonic solutions (fresh water)
water diffuses into the dead flat keratinized cells, swell up to 4x their volume and waviness of skin swells

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31
Q

skin color forms because of

A

epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation

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32
Q

What is carotene

A

orange-yellow pigment found in plants- especially orange vegetables

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33
Q

what can carotene be converted to

A

vitamin A

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34
Q

Where does carotene accumulate in

A

epidermal cells and in fatty tissues

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35
Q

Where is melanin produced?

A

in stratum basale
everyone has same # melanocytes

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36
Q

What are the 3 aspects of melanin?

A
  1. comes in different shades of brown
  2. pigment molecules travel upwards from the s. basale and are transferred into keratinocytes
    - melanin travels more toward the surface in darker-skinned individuals
  3. some people’s melanocutes are more productive- freckles
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37
Q

What is tanning the result of?

A

increased melanin production for UV production

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38
Q

How does melanin protect DNA?

A

clusters around the cell nuclei to absorb the UV rays

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39
Q

What is the role of dermal circulation?

A

redness–> more blood flow= red less –> more pale

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40
Q

Blood flow and age correlation?

A

blood flow decreases with old age- old people look more pale & have decreased melanin production

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41
Q

Describe cyanosis

A

bluish skin tint
–>reduced oxygenated blood flow

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42
Q

Describe Jaundice

A

results from liver tissue

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43
Q

How does jaundice form?

A

if liver can’t excrete bile, a yellowish pigment accumulates in body fluid
so skin & whites of eyes get yellowish color
-not uncommon for babies to be born w/ jaundice –>livers are not fully developed

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44
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Autoimmune disorder affects of 1%
results in loss of melanocytes
skin or hair has not pigment in areas w/ no melanocyte
cosmetic issue

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45
Q

What is Rickets caused by

A

lack of Vitamin D; deficiency disease
and in occurred in poverty conditions and its seen in children

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46
Q

define osteomalacia

A

results in weak, flexible bones with abnromal bone development e.g. bow legged shape
in adults

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47
Q

What accessory structures does the dermis have?

A

sweat glands, hair follices

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48
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary Layer
  2. The Reticular Layer
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49
Q

What is the papillary layer named after?

A

named for the dermal papillae that project b/w the epidermal ridges

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50
Q

What is the papillary made of and what does it contain?

A

Made of areolar
contains capillary, small lymphatic vessels & sensory neurons that supply the skin surface

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51
Q

What is consist of the reticular layer?

A

dense irregular CT
can stretch a bit but prevents it from stretching too much

52
Q

How is stretch marks caused by?

A

caused by tearing or rupturing of the dermis due to rapid weight gain, pregnancy, anything that causes the skin to stretch out

53
Q

What are cleavage lines used for?

A

used for surgery

54
Q

What do the lines on the diagram represent?

A

bundle of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis

55
Q

Why is cutting parallel to cleavage line bundles good?

A

result in minimal scarring

56
Q

Define contusion and description

A

bruise
damage to the blood vessels
blood bleeds into the surface
black and blue appearance

57
Q

Why does a bruise turn green and yellow

A

green and yellow are actually created when hemoglobin is broken down

58
Q

What are bed sores and when does it happen

A

pressure ulcers aka decubitus ulcers
happen when a person is unable to move

59
Q

How do bed sores form?

A

gravity pulls bones down, which presses into the dermis and blocks blood flow. Kills epidermal cells
dead tissue allows bacteria to invade the integument
process causing necrosis and it gets more painful and deaddly

60
Q

how do you prevent bed sores

A

frequently changing positions

61
Q

What decides where the baby fat gets redistributed in adulthood

A

distrubted patterns influenced by hormones

62
Q

WHat does the hypodermis conatin>

A

blood resorvoir

63
Q

Describe liposuction

A

cosmetic surgery removes tissues (fat) from the hypodermis to change the appearance of limbs

64
Q

What is the most dangerous fat?

A

Visceral fat (abdominal)

65
Q

Define hairs

A

nonliving structure produced in small organs called hair follicles

66
Q

What is a hair follicle connected to?

A

a root hair plexus- nerve endings

67
Q

What are the functions of hair on the head

A

UV protection, insulation and some cushioning

68
Q

What are the hairs on nostrils, ear canals and eyelashes useful for?

A

guarding against particles, insects, etc.

69
Q

What can hairs on skin help for?

A

sense things

70
Q

What is an arector pili muscle?

A

smooth muslce that contracts under certain conditions –>causes goosebumps
due to cold temperature, certain emotions (flight or fight)

71
Q

How is hair produced?

A

1 . hair follicles produce living cells- deep in dermis
2. Older cells get push up, keratinized and die

72
Q

How much does hair grow and how much hair does a person lose?

A

scalp hair grows for 2-5 years at a rate of 0.33 mm per day
person loses 50-100 hairs per day from the head

73
Q

What can be detected from hair

A

Nutrients in hair structure
Heavy metals and drugs can be detected

74
Q

Define vellus hairs

A

soft fine “peach fuzz” hairs found on much of the body surfaces

75
Q

Define terminal hairs

A

heavier and more pigmented, some vellus hairs become terminal at puberty

76
Q

what is hair color due to?

A

various in pigments made by melanocytes located at the base of the hair
pigments stop being produced with age

77
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete? Define it.

A

secrete sebum- an oily, lipid product into hair follicles using holocrine secretion

78
Q

How do arrector pili muscles help with sebaceous glands?

A

It’s contractions help squeeze the sebum onto the skin surface

79
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

protects the skin, hair and nails from getting too dry and brittle
(integument and stuff can’t do their job if they crack and break)

80
Q

What does sebum inhibit?

A

bacteria

81
Q

What are sebaceous follicles?

A

not assosciated with hair follicles; have their own pores

82
Q

Where are sebaceous follicles found?

A

chest , back, face, nipples and external genetalia

83
Q

How do sweat glands perform secretions? (2 types)

A

Apocrine and merocrine

84
Q

Where is apocrine sweat secretion found on the body?

A

armpits, nipples and pubic regions

85
Q

Where is the apocrine secretion product secreted into?

A

hair follicles

86
Q

Characteristics of apocrine secretion sweat

A

cloudy and potentially odorous

87
Q

When do you begin to sweat apocrine secretions?

A

at puberty

88
Q

WHat is body odor the result of?

A

bacteria not sweat

89
Q

Where do you find merocrine sweat secretions on the body?

A

(far more numerous)
palms, forehead, soles of the feet–> thick skin has the highest concentration

90
Q

What is the merocrine sweat secretions secreted onto?

A

directly onto the skin surface

91
Q

When do merocrine sweat secretions occur?

A

when body temperature rises

92
Q

What is the merocrine sweat secretions composed of?

A

99% water plus salt
tiny amounts of organic wastes

93
Q

What are the 3 functions of merocrine sweat secretions?

A
  1. covers the skin surface to reduce body temperature
  2. washes the skin surface & flushes off microorganisms
    acidic nature fights off microorganisms
94
Q

What molecule does merocrine sweat secretions contain?

A

Dermicidin- a small peptide that has antimicrobial properties

95
Q

What are mammary glands similar in structure with?

A

apocrine sweat glands

96
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

modified sweat glands in the passageway of the external ear

97
Q

Define cerumen & how is it made

A

secretions combine with sebum from nearby sebaceous glands to make it (ear wax)

98
Q

function of cerumen

A

traps particles to protect the eardrum

99
Q

What does nails protect?

A

fingertips and toes

100
Q

What is the nail body

A

the part that you can see and it covers the nail bed

101
Q

What is the nail bed

A

skin under the nail body

102
Q

Where does the nail production occur?

A

At the nail root deep in the dermis

103
Q

Define the lanula

A

crescent where the color of underlying blood vessels don’t show through; pale

104
Q

What is the nail body made up of?

A

Dead, tightly packed keratinized cells

105
Q

What is the appearance of nails useful for?

A

to diagnose diseases

106
Q

What are some abnormal signs of nails?

A

concave, pitted, yellow or distorted; could be a sign of disease or nothing

107
Q

What are thick yellow toenails caused by?

A

fungus- a close relative of fungi that cause ringworm and athlete’s foot

108
Q

what type of regulation carries out repair of skin

A

regulation or local

109
Q

When do calluses occur?

A

when germinative cells in the stratum basale divide more rapidly so depth of the entire epidermis increases; in areas where skin is trying to protect itself

110
Q

define a scab

A

a blood clot, a temporary covering to protect the wound

111
Q

What replaces the lost epidermis?

A

cells of the s basale divide and migrate along the edges of the wound to replace

112
Q

what is a scab made of ?

A

made of fibrin- a sold protein that forms from blood proteins in the clotting process

113
Q

Define macrophages

A

come into the area to phagocytize debris and pathogens

114
Q

define scar tissue

A

made of lots of collagen fibers produced by fibroblasts

115
Q

What are some accessory structures that are not repaired?

A

sweat glands and hair follicles

116
Q

define what a keloid is

A

a thickened mass of scar tissue that grows into the surrounding tissue. Raise with a shiny, smooth surface

117
Q

What activity decreases when aging occurrs and describe each? (6)

A

Germinative cell activity–> epidermis thins
Vitamin D3 production by 75%–> weak bones and muscle weakness
melanocyte activity–> pale skin, more prone to sun burn
sweat gland & sebaceous activity –> dry skin in danger of overheating
Skin repair more slowly longer it takes to heal
Bloody supply to dermis–> skin is cool, person may feel cold

118
Q

What happens when the dermis thins?

A

elastic and collagen fiber netword reduced

119
Q

What happens to the integument when aging?

A

weaker sagging and wrinkly especially skin that has a lot of sun exposure

120
Q

When aging what is there a greater risk of?

A

recurring infections

121
Q

What is the first step of repair of injury to the integument?

A

bleeding
mast cells trigger an inflammatory response

122
Q

What is the second step fo repair of injury to the integument?

A

scab has formed
s basale cells migrate to edge of the wound
phagocytic cells- removing debris ; more arriving due to increased circulation
clotting

123
Q

What is the third step of repair of injury to the integument?

A

1 week later phagocytic activity almost ended
fibrin clot is breaking up

124
Q

What is the fourth step fo repair of injury to the integument?

A

after few weeks scab is shed
shallow depression
fibroblasts continue to create scar tissue

125
Q

What occurs in stratum spinosum?

A

Daughter cells from the germinative layer get pushed into this layer.
Cells in this layer continue to divide

126
Q

What types of cells do stratum spinosum contain?

A

Langerhan cells- a type of dendritic cells type of WBC, hanging out in the epidermis to destroy bacteria; may start immune response when epidermis is invaded by bacteria

Anatomy (8 decks)

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