Unit 2: Infection, Reaponse & Homeostasis Flashcards
(29 cards)
What are antibiotics?
Inhibit the production of bacterial cell walls to kill the pathogen
What is a drug?
Any chemical that alters how the body works
Why do antibiotics not work on viruses?
Viruses are inside cells, don’t. Have a bacterial cell wall
What is a zone of inhibition?
Clear areas in Petri dish where bacteria have been killed
What must specific bacteria be treated with?
Specific antibiotics
Why is it important to take antibiotics for the full course?
To ensure all the pathogens are killed
What is antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria evolving to resist antibiotics
What drugs are used to treat viral infections?
Antiviral drugs
What is a vaccine?
Small quantity of weak/inactive pathogen
Causes lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies & store in memory cells
If infected can produce many antibodies, faster
What is herd immunity?
When enough of a population are immune to a disease that it stops the spread
What are 3 examples of drugs ad where do they originate from?
Heart drug digitalis - foxgloves
Painkiller aspirin - willow tree bark
Penicillin - penicillium mould
What are the 3 things new drugs are tested for?
T.E.D:
Toxicity - how safe it is
Efficacy - how effective it is
Dose - how much is needed
What are the 4 stages in drugs trials?
Testing on human tissues
Testing on live animals
Testing on healthy volunteers (low dose)
Testing on patients
What is a placebo?
Fake drug (works because consumer believes in the outcome)
What are the 3 uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Diagnosis - pregnancy tests, COVID tests
Research
Treatment - take drug directly to cells
How are mABs made?
1) mouse injected with specific antigen which causes its lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies
2) mouse lymphocytes are extracted and combined with a tumour cell to make a _hybridoma _ cell
3) hybridoma cells clone themselves
Antibodies extracted & purified
What is homeostasis?
Regulation of a constant internal environment
What 3 things does homeostasis control?
Body temperature, blood glucose levels, water levels
What are the nervous & endocrine systems?
Nervous: electrical impulses, neurones, rapidly, precise, short lasting
Endocrine: chemical messages, blood, slower, long lasting
What are receptors and effectors?
Receptors detect a stimulus
Effectors respond to a stimulus
What are the 3 adaptations of neurones?
Long axon - carry impulse
Myelin sheath - insulate impulse
Branched dendrites - lots of neurones can connect
What is a reflex action?
Rapid, automatic response to a stimulus
What is a reflex arc?
Stimulus - receptors - sensory neurone - synapse - relay neurone - synapse - motor neurone - effector
How do electrical impulses pass across a synapse?
Chemically diffuse
