Unit 4: Reproduction And Plant Hormones

Question 1

Give examples of secondary sex characteristics

Answer 1

Facial hair / breast tissue / wide hips

Question 2

What is the main reproductive hormone in males?

Answer 2

Testosterone

Question 3

What is the main reproductive hormone in females?

Answer 3

Oestrogen

Question 4

What is ovulation?

Answer 4

Release of ovum from ovary on day 14 of menstrual cycle

Question 5

What are the 4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle?

Answer 5

FSH, Oestrogen, LH, Progesterone

Question 6

What does FSH stand for?

Answer 6

Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 7

What does LH stand for?

Answer 7

Lutenising hormone

Question 8

What does FSH do?

Answer 8

Stimulates ovum to mature

Stimulates Oestrogen

Question 9

What does Oestrogen do?

Answer 9

Inhibits FSH

Thickens uterus lining

Stimulates LH

Question 10

What does LH do?

Answer 10

Triggers ovulation

Stimulates progesterone (empty follicle)

Question 11

What does progesterone do?

Answer 11

Maintains uterus lining

Inhibits FSH & LH

Question 12

Where is FSH released?

Answer 12

Pituitary gland

Question 13

Where is oestrogen released?

Answer 13

Ovaries

Question 14

Here is LH released?

Answer 14

Pituitary gland

Question 15

Where is progesterone released?

Answer 15

Empty follicle in ovaries

Question 16

What are the 4 steps of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)?

Answer 16

1. Woman given large doses of FSH & LH to mature & release ova
2. Ova extracted & fertilised by sperm outside of the body
3. Embryos develop
4. Implanted into the mother’s uterus

Question 17

What is the average IVF success rate?

Answer 17

30%

Question 18

What conditions make IVF more successful?

Answer 18

Younger
Previous pregnancy
Normal BMI (19 - 30)
Low alcohol & caffeine intake
Does not smoke

Question 19

What is contraception?

Answer 19

Method of preventing a pregnancy

Question 20

Name methods of contraception

Answer 20

Hormonal:
- oral contraceptive
- injection
- implant
- skin patch
- plastic IUD

Non-Hormonal:
- condoms / diaphragm
- spermicide
- copper IUD
- cycle tracking
- abstinence
- surgical methods

Question 21

What does the oral contraceptive contain?

Answer 21

Progesterone + oestrogen

Question 22

What is chlorosis?

Answer 22

Yellow leaves

Question 23

How can you identify plant diseases?

Answer 23

Using a gardening manual

Using a mAB test

Question 24

What are the two main minerals plants require to grow?

Answer 24

Nitrates & magnesium

Question 25

What are nitrates used for in plants?

Answer 25

Protein synthesis

Question 26

What is magnesium used for in plants?

Answer 26

Chlorophyll production

Question 27

What is the deficiency symptom for a lack of nitrates?

Answer 27

Stunted growth

Question 28

What is the deficiency symptom for magnesium in plants?

Answer 28

Chlorosis

Question 29

What are the physical plant defences?

Answer 29

Layers of dead cells Tough waxy leaf cuticles Cellulose cell walls

Question 30

How do layers of dead cells protect a plant from pests & pathogens?

Answer 30

Stop them from entering the plant

Question 31

How do waxy leaf cuticles protect plants from pests & pathogens?

Answer 31

Stop them from entering the epidermal tissue

Question 32

How do cellulose cell walls protect plants from pests & pathogens?

Answer 32

Stop them from entering cells

Question 33

What are the mechanical plant defences?

Answer 33

Thorns & hairs Drooping / curling laves Mimicry

Question 34

How do thorns & hairs protect plants from pests & pathogens?

Answer 34

Prevent egg laying Deter herbivores

Question 35

How does mimicry protect plants from pests & pathogens?

Answer 35

Trick animals into not feeding / laying eggs

Question 36

What are the chemical plant defences?

Answer 36

Antibacterial chemicals Poisons

Question 37

How do antibacterial chemicals protect the plants from from pests & pathogens?

Answer 37

Limits spread of bacteria

Question 38

How do poisons protect plants from pests & pathogens?

Answer 38

Deter herbivores

Question 39

What is a tropism?

Answer 39

Directional plant growth

Question 40

What is a positive and negative tropism?

Answer 40

_positive:_ plant grows **towards** a stimulus _negative:_ plant grows **away** from a stimulus

Question 41

What are the two types of tropism?

Answer 41

**phototropism:** light **geotropism:** gravity

Question 42

What are auxins?

Answer 42

Plant growth hormones

Question 43

What will happen in the shoots and roots if there is a high concentration of auxins?

Answer 43

**shoots:** grow more **roots:** grow less

Question 44

What happens with auxins in phototropism?

Answer 44

Shaded side = more auxins Shoots = shaded side grows more - becomes angled towards the light Roots = shaded side grows less - becomes angled away from light

Question 45

Where are auxins used?

Answer 45

Agriculture & horticulture

Question 46

Where are auxins produced?

Answer 46

Tip of roots & shoots (meristem)

Question 47

Which three ways can auxins be used?

Answer 47

1. _Promote growth in tissue culture:_ - technique of growing plant from parent plant - stimulate cell division 2. _Rooting powder:_ - dip plant cuttings before planting - promotes fast root growth 3. _Weed killers:_ - in higher concentrations, auxins disrupt cell metabolism & kill plants - often absorbed more by broad leaved weeds