UNIT 2 - KA1

Question 1

What can present a hazard

Answer 1

Aspects of field work can present a hazard

Question 2

What do hazards include

Answer 2

• Adverse weather conditions
• difficult terrain
• problems associated with isolation
• contact. With harmful organisms

Question 3

What is a risk

Answer 3

Risk is the likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard

Question 4

What does risk assessment involve

Answer 4

Risk assessment involves identifying control measures to minimise risk

Question 5

Control measures include -

Answer 5

• Appropriate equipment
• clothing
• footwear
• means of communication

Question 6

Which manner should sampling be carried out in

Answer 6

Sampling should be carried out in a manner that minimises impact on wild species and habitats

Question 7

What should consideration be given to

Answer 7

Consideration must be given to rare and vulnerable species and habitats that are highly protected by legislation

Question 8

What is a point count

Answer 8

A point count involves the observer recording all individuals seen from a fixed point count location. This can be compared to other point count locations or with data from the same location gathered at other times

Question 9

What are quadrats and transects used for

Answer 9

Quadrats of suitable size and shape or transects are used for plants and other sessile or slow -moving organisms

Question 10

Capture techniques

Answer 10

Capture techniques such as traps and nets are used for mobile species

Question 11

How can elusive species be sampled

Answer 11

Elusive species can be samples directly using camera traps or an indirect method such as scat sampling

Question 12

How can identification of an organism in a sample be made

Answer 12

Identification of an organism in a sample can be made using classification guides, biological keys or analysis of DNA or protein

Question 13

What two things can organisms be classified by

Answer 13

Organisms can be classified by both taxonomy and phylogenetics

Question 14

Taxonomy

Answer 14

Taxonomy involves the identification and naming of organisms and their classification into groups based on shared characteristic

Question 15

What is classic taxonomy based on

Answer 15

Classic taxonomy is based on morphology

Question 16

What is phylogenetics

Answer 16

Phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

Question 17

Which traits does phylogenetics use

Answer 17

Phylogenetics uses heritable traits such as morphology, DNA sequences and protein structure to make inferences about an organism’s evolutionary history and create a phylogeny (or phylogenetic tree)

Question 18

What is a phylogeny (phylogenetic tree)

Answer 18

A diagrammatic hypothesis of its relationships to other organisms

Question 19

What can genetic evidence reveal

Answer 19

Genetic evidence can reveal relatedness obscured by divergent or convergent evolution

Question 20

What is phylogenetics doing

Answer 20

Phylogenetics is changing the traditional classification of many organisms

Question 21

What does familiarity with taxonomic groupings allow

Answer 21

Familiarity with taxonomic groupings allows predictions and inferences to be made about the biology of an organisms from better-known (model) organisms

Question 22

Examples of taxonomic groups

Answer 22

• nematodes
• arthropods
• chordates

Question 23

What are model organisms

Answer 23

Model organisms are those that are either easily studied or have been well studied

Question 24

What can information obtained from model organisms do

Answer 24

Information obtained from them can be applied to other species that are more difficult to study directly

Question 25

Examples of model organisms that have been very important to the advancement of modern biology include

Answer 25

- The bacterium E. coli - the flowering plant Arabidopsis thalania - the nematode C.elegans - the arthropod drosophila melanogaster - and the chordates - mice, rats and zebra fish

Question 26

What can give information of environmental qualities

Answer 26

Presence, absence or abundance of indicator species can give information of environmental qualities, such as presence of a pollutant

Question 27

What can be used to monitor an ecosystem

Answer 27

Susceptible and favoured species can be used to monitor an ecosystem

Question 28

What does absence or reduced population indicate

Answer 28

Absence or reduced population indicates a species is susceptible to some factor in the environment

Question 29

What does abundance or increased population indicate

Answer 29

Abundance or increased population indicates it is favoured by the conditions

Question 30

What is the mark and recapture technique a method for

Answer 30

A method for estimating population size

Question 31

Formula for the mark and recapture technique

Answer 31

Procedure for the mark and recapture technique as a method for estimating population size using the formula N = MC/R

Question 32

What do the letters in the mark and recapture technique represent

Answer 32

(M) - a sample of the population is captured and marked and released (C) - after an interval of time a second sample is captured (R) - if some of the individuals in this second sample are recaptured

Question 33

What does the mark and recapture method assume

Answer 33

- all individuals have an equal chance of capture - there is no immigration or emigration - individuals that are marked and released can mix fully and randomly with the total population

Question 34

Methods of marking animals such as :

Answer 34

- Banding - tagging - surgical implantation - painting - hair clipping

Question 35

What must the method of marking and subsequent observation do

Answer 35

The method of marking and subsequent observation must minimise the impact on the study species

Question 36

What are some measurements used to quantify animal behaviour

Answer 36

Some of the measurements used to quantify animal behaviour are latency, frequency and duration

Question 37

Latency

Answer 37

Latency is the time between the stimulus occuring and the response behaviour

Question 38

Frequency

Answer 38

Frequency is the number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period

Question 39

Duration

Answer 39

Duration is the length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period

Question 40

What does an ethogram of the behaviours shown by a species in a wild context show

Answer 40

An ethogram of the behaviours shown by a species in the wild context allows the construction of time budgets

Question 41

What does an ethogram list

Answer 41

An ethogram lists species - specific behaviours to be observed and recorded in the study

Question 42

How can the proportion of time spent on each behaviour be calculated in the time budget

Answer 42

Recording the duration of each of the behaviours in the ethogram, together with the total time of observation allows the proportion of time spent on each behaviour to be calculated in the time budget

Question 43

What can anthropomorphism lead to

Answer 43

Anthropomorphism can lead to invalid conclusions