UNIT 2 - KA4

Question 1

Greater investment by…

Answer 1

Greater investment by females

Question 2

Female investment in non-mammals and mammals

Answer 2

Female investment in the egg structure in non-mammals or in the uterus and during gestation in mammals

Question 3

What is parental investment

Answer 3

Parental investment is costly but increases the probability of production and survival of young

Question 4

Characteristics of r - selected species (5)

Answer 4

• Smaller
• have a shorter generation time
• mature more rapidly
• reproduce earlier in their lifetime often only once
• produce a larger number of smaller offspring each of which receives only a smaller energy input
• limited parental care most offspring will not reach adulthood

Question 5

Characteristic of K-selected species (6)

Answer 5

• larger and love longer
• mature more slowly
• can reproduce many times in their lifetime
• produce relatively few larger offspring
• high level of parental care
• many offspring have a high probability of surviving to adulthood

Question 6

Which environments does r-selection occur in

Answer 6

r-selection tends to occur in unstable environments where the species has not reached its reproductive capacity

Question 7

Where does K-selection occur

Answer 7

K-selection tends to occur in stable environments

Question 8

Benefits of external fertilisation

Answer 8

Benefits : very large numbers of offspring can be produced

Question 9

Costs of external fertilisation

Answer 9

Costs:
- many gametes predated or not fertilised
- no or limited parental care
- few offspring survive

Question 10

Benefits of internal fertilisation

Answer 10

• increased chance of successful fertilisation
• fewer eggs needed
• offspring can be retained internally for protection and or development
• higher offspring survival rate

Question 11

Costs of internal fertilisation

Answer 11

• a mate must be located
• which requires energy expenditure
• requires direct transfer of gametes from one partner to another

Question 12

What are mating systems based on

Answer 12

Mating systems are based on how many mates an individual has during one breeding season

Question 13

Monogamy

Answer 13

The mating of a pair of animals to the exclusion of all others

Question 14

Polygamy

Answer 14

Individuals of one sex have more than one mate

Question 15

Polygyny

Answer 15

One male mates exclusively with a group of females

Question 16

Polyandry

Answer 16

One female mates with a number of males in the same breeding season

Question 17

What do many animals have

Answer 17

Many animals have mate selection courtship rituals

Question 18

What can successful courtship behaviour in birds and fish be a result of

Answer 18

Successful courtship behaviour in birds and fish can be a result of species specific sign stimuli and fixed action pattern response

Question 19

What does sexual selection select for

Answer 19

Sexual selection selects for characteristics that have little survival benefit for the individual but increases their chance of mating

Question 20

How do many species exhibit sexual dimorphism

Answer 20

Many species exhibit sexual dimorphism as a product of sexual selection

Question 21

What are females generally

Answer 21

Females are generally inconspicuous

Question 22

What do males have more of

Answer 22

Males usually have more conspicuous markings structures and behaviours

Question 23

Which species does reversed sexual dimorphism occur in

Answer 23

Reversed sexual dimorphism occurs in some species

Question 24

What does female choice involve

Answer 24

Female choice involves females assessing honest signals of the fitness of males

Question 25

What can honest signals indicate

Answer 25

Honest signals can indicate favourable alleles that increase chances of survival of offspring (fitness) or a low parasite burden suggesting a healthy individual

Question 26

Where do males gather lekking species

Answer 26

In lekking species males gather to display at a lek where female choice occurs

Question 27

What do some bird species exhibit

Answer 27

Some bird species exhibit lekking behaviour

Question 28

Where do dominant and satellite males occupy

Answer 28

Dominant males occupy the centre of the lek with subordinates and juveniles at the fringes as satellite males

Question 29

When does female choice occur

Answer 29

During the display female choice occurs

Question 30

What increases access to females for mating

Answer 30

Success in male - male rivalry through conflict (real or ritualised) increases access to females for mating

Question 31

How do males fight for dominance and access to females

Answer 31

Males will fight for dominance and access to females, often using elaborate ‘weapons’ such as antlers, tusks , horns