Unit 2 - Multicellular Organisms Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Two matching sets of chromosomes
A
Diploid
2
Q
Structures which carry genes and are found in the nucleus of a cell
A
Chromosomes
3
Q
Identical copies of a chromosome produced by replication that are joined together
A
Chromatid
4
Q
Centre of a cell where the chromosomes line up
A
Equator
5
Q
Fibres which separate and pull the chromatids to the poles
A
Spindle Fibres
6
Q
What is the term for the complete number of chromosomes in a cell
A
Chromosome complement
7
Q
Functions of mitosis
A
Provide new cells for growth & repair
8
Q
Techniques used to prevent cell culture contamination
A
Aseptic
9
Q
Controlled, along with pH and oxygen concentration, to provide optimum cell culture conditions
A
Temperature
10
Q
Medium used in cell culture
A
Solid (agar) & liquid (broth)
11
Q
Equipment that has been treated with high temperatures to kill any micro-organisms
A
Sterile
12
Q
Apparatus in which cells are cultured - may be computer
controlled
A
Fermenter
13
Q
A group of similar cells specialised for the same function
A
Tissue
14
Q
What is the term for a cell that has a particular function in an organism? (e.g. Red blood cells)
A
Specialised
15
Q
Several tissues working together to carry out a single function - the heart is an example
A
Organs
16
Q
Alternative term for cell division which provides new cells for growth and repair
A
Mitosis
17
Q
Cells in animals that have the potential to become many different types of cell
A
Stem Cells
18
Q
The brain and spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
19
Q
Part of the brain responsible for conscious thought, emotions and memory
A
Cerebrum
20
Q
Area of the brain which controls balance and muscle co-ordination
A
Cerebellum
21
Q
Part of the brain that controls the heart and breathing rate
A
Medulla
22
Q
Neuron that carries electrical impulses from a receptor to the CNS
A
Sensory neuron
23
Q
Neuron that carries an electrical impulse from the CNS to a muscle or a gland
A
Motor neuron
24
Q
Fast response to danger
A
Reflex Action
25
Impulse along a sensory neuron via a relay neuron to a motor neuron in the spinal cord that gives a rapid response to possible damage
Reflex Arc
26
A tiny gap between two neurons
Synapse
27
Carries a message across a synapse from one neuron to the next
Chemical messenger
28
Glands that make and release hormones
Endocrine glands
29
Transports hormones from an endocrine gland to a target organ
Blood / Blood vessels
30
Protein on the surface of a target cell that is complementary to a
hormone
Receptor
31
Organ that detects a change in blood glucose
Pancreas
32
Cell that has a protein receptor that recognises a hormone
Target cell
33
Released by the pancreas in response to a decrease in blood glucose
Glucagon
34
Released by the pancreas in response to an increase in blood
| glucose
Insulin
35
Organ that stores glucose as glycogen
Liver
36
Term for the control of blood glucose concentration
Regulation
37
Health condition due to the failure to release or respond to insulin
Diabetes
38
Molecule made in liver by joining together many glucose molecules
Glycogen
39
Biological term that means a double set of chromosomes
Diploid
40
Biological term that means a single set of chromosomes
Haploid
41
Alternative name for a sex cell
Gamete
42
Female gamete in plants
Ovule
43
Male gamete in plants
Pollen
44
Gamete that has a tail to swim in search of a female gamete
Sperm
45
Larger of the two animal gametes as it has a food store for the development of the zygote
Egg / Ovum
46
Part of flower that makes pollen
Anther
47
Animal organ that produces sperm
Testes
48
Animal organ that makes ova/eggs
Ovaries
49
Fusion of male and female gametes
Fertilisation
50
First cell produced by fertilisation
Zygote
51
Differences between all the individuals in a species
Variation
52
Type of variation in which there are two or more distinct groups, with no values in between
Discrete variation
53
Type of variation in which there is a wide range of values
Continuous variation
54
Example of discrete variation
Eye colour
Blood Type
Hair Colour
55
Example of continuous variation
Height
Shoe size
Hand Span
56
Term for several genes working together to produce continuous
variation
Polygenic
57
Short section of a chromosome that has the genetic information for a particular characteristic
Gene
58
Different forms of a gene
Allele
59
The most common type of variation
Polygenic and continuous
60
The appearance of an organism for
| a characteristic
Phenotype
61
Alleles an organism has for a particular characteristic - usually
written as capital or small letters
Genotype
62
Allele whose effect always shows in
| the phenotype
Dominant
63
Allele which is not dominant - its effect only shows when the cell does not have a dominant allele
Recessive
64
When an individual has the same alleles for a characteristic (bb or BB)
Homozygous
65
One dominant and one recessive allele for a feature
Heterozygous
66
Symbol for the parents in a genetic cross
P
67
Symbol for the first generation in a genetic cross
F1
68
Symbol for the second generation in a genetic cross
F2
69
Phenotype ratio from a cross between a heterozygous parent
| and a homozygous recessive parents
1:1
70
Phenotype ratio from a cross between two heterozygous parents
3:1
71
The number of 120 Drosophila flies from two heterozygous parents that would be predicted to
have the recessive characteristic
(3:1 ratio)
30
72
The number of 120 Drosophila flies from two heterozygous parents that would be predicted to have the recessive characteristic
(3:1 ratio)
30
73
The reason why the predicted and the actual results from a genetic
cross are often not the same
Fertilisation is a random process
74
The reason why the predicted and the actual results from a genetic cross are often not the same
Fertilisation is a random process
75
Name of leaf cells that carry out most photosynthesis
Palisade mesophyll
76
Specialised root cells that absorb water from the soil
Root hair cells
77
Biological term for the loss of water from the leaves
Transpiration
78
Thin layer of waterproof cells on the top and bottom of a leaf
Epidermis
79
Small pores in the leaf epidermis that allow water vapour to escape at the same time as carbon dioxide enters
Stomata
80
Cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata
Guard cells
81
Vessels that transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
Xylem
82
Chemical in the xylem vessels walls that provides support
Lignin
83
Living cells that transport sugar in a plant
Phloem
84
Transports nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body
Blood
85
Pumps blood around the body
Heart
86
The side of the heart that contains deoxygenated blood
Right
87
The side of the heart that contains oxygenated blood
Left
88
Where the deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated
Lungs
89
Thin walled chambers at the top of the heart
Atrium
90
Thick walled chambers at the bottom of the heart
Ventricles
91
Between the atria and ventricles to prevent the backflow of blood
Valves
92
Blood vessel that brings blood from the body to the right atrium
Vena Cava
93
Blood vessel that transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
94
Blood vessel that transports blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Pulmonary Vein
95
Blood vessel that transports blood from the left ventricle to the body
Aorta
96
Blood vessel that provides the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose
Coronary artery
97
Blood vessels with thick muscular walls that carry blood under high pressure
Arteries
98
Blood vessels with thin walls and valves that carry blood under low pressure
Veins
99
Blood vessels that are thin walled to allow exchange of materials with cells
Capillaries
100
Characteristics of capillaries that make them efficient for the exchange of materials with tissues
Thin walled
Large surface area
Extensive network
101
Cells that transport oxygen
Red blood cells
102
Molecule in red blood cells that combines with oxygen in the lungs
Haemoglobin
103
Molecule formed when
| haemoglobin combines with oxygen
Oxyhaemoglobin
104
Molecule formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen
Oxyhaemoglobin
105
Parts of the lungs where gases are exchanged
Alveoli
106
Molecule that diffuses from blood into lung alveoli
Carbon dioxide
107
Molecule that that diffuses from the alveoli into the red blood cells in blood capillaries
Oxygen
108
Features of alveoli that make them more efficient for the diffusion of gases
Thin cell wall
Large surface area
Moist to allow fast diffusion
109
Traps dirt and micro-organisms in the lung airways
Mucus
110
Sweeps mucus and trapped dirt out of the lung airways
Cilia
111
Muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system
Peristalsis
112
Structures in the small intestine that absorb food molecules
Villi
113
Characteristics of the villi in the small intestine that makes them efficient at absorbing food molecules
Large surface area
Extensive capillary network
One cell thick
114
Molecules absorbed by the
| capillaries in the small intestine villi
Glucose and amino acids
115
Molecules absorbed by the capillaries in the small intestine villi
Glucose and amino acids
116
Part of villus that absorbs the products of fat digestion
Lacteal
117
Type of white blood cell which engulfs pathogens
Phagocyte
118
Type of white blood cell which produces antibodies
Lymphocyte
