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Lathallan N5 Biology > Unit 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

A tough rigid outer covering which protects and supports plant, fungal and bacterial cells

A

Cell wall

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2
Q

Cell organelle responsible for aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Cell structure responsible for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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4
Q

Controls which molecules enter or leave a cell

A

Cell membrane

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5
Q

The part of a cell where chemical reactions occur

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Plant structure containing water or sap to keep cell firm

A

Vacuole

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7
Q

Organelle containing chromosomes and controls cell function

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Site of Protein Synthesis

A

Ribosome

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9
Q

Small circle of DNA that transfers genes from one bacterium to another

A

Plasmid

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10
Q

An example of a cell from this Kingdom is yeast

A

Fungus / Fungal cell

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11
Q

Organisms that do not have a cell wall

A

Animals

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12
Q

Organisms with cells containing chloroplasts

A

Plants

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13
Q

Organisms that do not have a nucleus

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

Coloured chemical used to make cells visible

A

Stain

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15
Q

Unit of measurement equivalent to 1/1000th mm

A

1 micrometer

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16
Q

Components of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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17
Q

Term for only allowing certain (small) molecules to pass across membrane

A

Selectively permeable

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18
Q

Term meaning transport of molecules does NOT require energy

A

Passive

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19
Q

Difference in concentration of a substance inside and outside a cell

A

Concentration gradient

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20
Q

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration DOWN the concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

The movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration DOWN the concentration gradient

A

Osmosis

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22
Q

Appearance of plant cells in strong salt solution

A

Plasmolysed

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23
Q

Effect of strong salt solution on animal cells

A

Shrivel or shrink

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24
Q

Effect of a solution with higher water concentration on animal cells

A

Bursts (no cell wall)

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25
Appearance of plants immersed in pure water
Turgid
26
Term for the movement of a substance across the cell membrance AGAINST the concentration gradient and requiring energy
Active transport
27
Part of membrane that pumps molecules from low to high concentrations
Protein pumps
28
Molecule that diffuses into leaf for photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide
29
Substances that diffuse out of animal cells before building up to harmful levels
Carbon dioxide | Urea
30
Molecule that diffuses into cells needed for aerobic respiration
Oxygen
31
Molecules which diffuse into cell required for protein synthesis
Amino acids
32
The shape of the DNA molecule
Double helix
33
Biological term for the reason DNA bases join together in base pairs
Complementary bases
34
The four DNA bases:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
35
DNA base complementary to thymine
Adenine
36
DNA base complementary to cytosine
Guanine
37
Permanent copy of genetic information for making proteins that remains in the nucleus
DNA
38
Encloses all the DNA in a (plant, animal fungal) cell
Nucleus
39
Carries a copy of the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome
mRNA
40
Site of protein assembly
Ribosome
41
Determines the amino acid sequence in a protein
Order of bases in mRNA strand
42
Joined together to make proteins
Amino Acids
43
Type of protein that forms muscles and membranes
Structural proteins
44
Type of protein that acts as a chemical messenger that is carried in the blood
Hormones
45
Type of protein that defends the body against disease
Antibody
46
Type of protein on the cell surface with a shape complementary to a hormone
Receptor
47
Scientific term for any substance that speeds up a reaction
Catalyst
48
Type of protein that is known as a biological catalyst
Enzyme
49
The effect of a cellular reaction on | the structure of an enzyme
Enzyme remains unchanged
50
The part of an enzyme with a shape complementary to its | specific substrate
Active site
51
Molecule an enzyme changes AND the molecule produced
Substrate AND Product
52
An enzyme reaction in which a large molecule is built up from smaller molecules
synthesis
53
An enzyme reaction in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules
Degradation
54
An example of a synthesis reaction
Glucose-1-phosphate molecules being joined together to form a starch molecule by the enzyme phosphorylase
55
An example of a degradation reaction
Hydrogen peroxide broken down into oxygen and water by | the enzyme catalase
56
The temperature or pH in which an | enzyme works fastest
Optimum
57
Unable to function because of a change in shape - the reason why enzymes stop working in high temperatures
Denatured
58
Transfer of genetic information from one cell to another
Genetic Engineering
59
Biological term for a virus or plasmid used to transfer a gene
Vector
60
Used to cut the required gene from | a chromosome during genetic engineering
Enzymes
61
Example of a gene transferred from one bacterium to another naturally
Antibiotic Resistance Gene
62
Term for an organism that has an introduced gene
Genetically Modified
63
A valuable product made by transformed bacteria
Insulin | Human Growth Hormone
64
A series of reactions that release the chemical energy stored in glucose
Respiration
65
Controls the series of respiration reactions
Enzymes
66
Short term store of chemical energy
ATP
67
Needed to regenerate ATP
ADP + Pi and energy
68
Cellular activity that requires energy from ATP
Muscle cell contraction OR cell division OR protein synthesis OR active transport OR transmission of nerve impulses
69
Site of the first stage of respiration
Cytoplasm
70
Site of the second stage of aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
71
Produced first when glucose is broken down in respiration
Pyruvate
72
End products of aerobic respiration
Water and Carbon Dioxide
73
Number of ATP molecules produced by the complete breakdown of a glucose molecule in aerobic respiration
38 ATP molecules
74
Molecule required for aerobic respiration but not fermentation
Oxygen
75
Site of fermentation in a cell
Cytoplasm
76
Number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule in fermentation
2 ATP molecules
77
The molecule pyruvate is converted to during fermentation in animal cells
Lactic acid
78
The molecules pyruvate is converted to during fermentation | in plant and yeast cells
Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol
79
Apparatus used to measure the | rate of respiration
Respirometer

Lathallan N5 Biology (3 decks)

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