Unit 2 Muscle exam prep

Question 1

What movement decreases angle

Answer 1

Flexion

Question 2

What movement increases angle

Answer 2

Extension

Question 3

What is Adduction

Answer 3

move towards midline

Question 4

What is aBduction

Answer 4

Move away from midline

Question 5

What is circumduction

Answer 5

movement in a cone / wide circle

Question 6

What is rotation

Answer 6

axial movement arount a point. Can be medial or lateral (shoulder and hip)

Question 7

What is supination

Answer 7

Palms up - cup of soup

Question 8

What is pronation

Answer 8

palms down

Question 9

How can the sole of the foot rotate?

Answer 9

Inversion (sole inside) eversion (sole outward)

Question 10

What is dorsiflexion

Answer 10

flexing foot up

Question 11

what is plantarflexion

Answer 11

pointing toes down

Question 12

what is opposition (movement)

Answer 12

grasping thumb to fingers

Question 13

What are the 3 “mysiums”

Answer 13

Endomysium (covers muscle cells)
Perimysium (covers groups of muscle cells)
Epimysium (covers the entire muscle - AKA Fascia

Question 14

What is a fasicle?

Answer 14

Group of muscle cells

Question 15

What is a sarcomere?

Answer 15

basic structural and functional unit of a muscle. Smallest portion capable of contracting

Question 16

What is the sarcolemma?

Answer 16

Cell membrane - surrounds the muscle cell. Contains T-tubules

Question 17

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 17

ER that stores calcium - provides transportation

Question 18

What is the storage area for the calcium in the ER called?

Answer 18

Terminal Cisterna

Question 19

What are the two microfilaments

Answer 19

Actin(pearls) and myosin(golf clubs)

Question 20

What is the voltage and polarity of a cell at resting potential

Answer 20

-70 mv and negative inside

Question 21

Describe depolarization

Answer 21

Na+ channels open allowing Na+ to diffuse into cell. +30mv inside

Question 22

Describe repolarization

Answer 22

K+ channels open an K+ diffuses out

-70mv inside

Question 23

What are the two methods ATP can be produced

Answer 23

Anaerobic (no O2)

Aerobic (O2)

Question 24

Describe how anaerobic production of ATP works

Answer 24

Fermentation, Glucose breaks down to produce ATP and Lactic acid. Occurs in the Cytoplasm. Faster source of energy than Aerobic but short lived

Question 25

Describe how aerobic production of ATP works

Answer 25

``` Requires O2 Glucose produces ATP, CO2 and H2O Occurs in mitochondria Produces 18x more ATP can use fatty and amino acids to produce ATP ```

Question 26

How is energy stored

Answer 26

``` Creatine phosphate (binds to ADP to create ATP) - 15 seconds of energy Myoglobin (oxygenated red blood) stores O2 which provides for aerobic respiration ```

Question 27

What is muscle fatigue

Answer 27

No creatine/ATP | Cross-bridges fail - cell begins to relax

Question 28

How does cramping happen

Answer 28

no energy remains to pump calcium out of the cell causing constant contraction

Question 29

What are the 3 phases of muscle twitch

Answer 29

``` lag phase (between stimulus and contraction) Contraction phase (Inc tension of fibers) Relaxation phase (relaxes, Calcium active transport back to storage) ```

Question 30

What is summation

Answer 30

increase in the force of the contraction

Question 31

what is recruitment

Answer 31

increase in the number of muscle fibers

Question 32

What is tetanus

Answer 32

sustained contraction

Question 33

What does isometric mean?

Answer 33

Tension increases but muscle does not change length

Question 34

What does isotonic mean

Answer 34

tension constant but length changes (lifting weights)

Question 35

With regards to isotonic - what is concentric and eccentric

Answer 35

concentric - tension maintained as muscle shortens | eccentric - tension maintained as muscle lengthens

Question 36

What are slow twitch muscles

Answer 36

(dark meat) - contract slowly - resistant to fatigue. Abs, postural muscles

Question 37

What are fast twitch muscles

Answer 37

contract quickly, tire quickly, prime movers.

Question 38

What is the origin and insertion

Answer 38

origin - less moveable | insertion - more moveable

Question 39

What is an aceytlcholine antagonist

Answer 39

inhibitor. Prevents production, release, or binding ability.

Question 40

What is atrophy

Answer 40

shrinkage in muscle cell size

Question 41

what are the 3 types of synovial joints

Answer 41

synathroses (sutures, gomphoses (teeth) ampharthroses (costal cartilage, pubic symphysis) Diarthroses (synovial - freely moveable joints)

Question 42

What causes rickets

Answer 42

nutritional deficiency (CA++, Phosphorus, Vit D)

Question 43

What does vitamin C do

Answer 43

maintains matrix

Question 44

What does vitamin A do

Answer 44

regulate osteoblasts

Question 45

What does HGH do

Answer 45

Growth

Question 46

What are estrogen/testosterone used for

Answer 46

osteoblast producing matrix, removing cartilage in epiphyseal plate.