UNIT 2: Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

define ossification

Answer 1

the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts

Question 2

which two skeletons can the bones be divided into?

Answer 2

axial
appendicular

Question 3

AXIAL SKELETON: FUNCTIONS (3)

Answer 3

• protection
• shape
• red blood cell production

Question 4

AXIAL SKELETON: BONES (4)

Answer 4

• cranium
• thoracic cage
• vertebral column
• pelvis

Question 5

provide a sporting example wherein the axial skeleton is utilised

Answer 5

heading the ball in football

Question 6

APPENDICULAR SKELETON: FUNCTIONS (2)

Answer 6

• movement
• muscle attachment

Question 7

what is cartilage?

Answer 7

a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body

Question 8

list the three different types of cartilage within the body

Answer 8

hyaline
smooth; covers joints

elastic
flexible

fibrocartilage
tough

Question 9

ARTICULATION OF BONES at the:

shoulder
elbow
hip
knee
ankle
wrist

Answer 9

shoulder
scapula, humerus

elbow
humerus, radius, ulna

hip
femur, pelvis

knee
femur, tibia

ankle
tibia, fibula, talus

wrist
radius, carpals

Question 10

list the five types of bones

Answer 10

• long bone
• short bone
• irregular bone
• flat bone
• sesamoid

Question 11

long bones

sporting example:

Answer 11

provide support, leverage, and facilitate movement

• running, basketball

Question 12

short bones

sporting example:

Answer 12

provide stability and support with limited motion; designed to absorb shock

gymnastics (landings, flips, handstand)

Question 13

irregular bones

sporting example:

Answer 13

perform specific functions, such as protection and muscle attachment

• wrestling

Question 14

flat bones

sporting example:

Answer 14

protect internal organs; large surface area for muscle attachment; blood cell production

• boxing

Question 15

sesamoid bones

sporting example:

Answer 15

embedded with tendons; protect tendons from stress and wear

• basketball, football

Question 16

what are skeletal muscles sometimes known as? (2)

Answer 16

striated muscles
voluntary muscles

Question 17

how many muscles does the quadricep have?

what are they?

Answer 17

four

rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis

Question 18

how many muscles does the hamstring have?

what are they?

Answer 18

three

• bicep femoris
• semitendinosus
• semimembranosus

Question 19

how many muscles does the calf have?

what are they?

Answer 19

two

• gastrocnemius
• soleus

Question 20

what is meant by ‘antagonistic muscle action’? (2)

Answer 20

• as one muscle contracts (shortens), the other relaxes (lengthens)
• the muscle directly responsible for the movement is the agonist

Question 21

there are seven antagonistic muscle pairs you need to know

what are they?

Answer 21

biceps with triceps

quadriceps with hamstrings

hip flexors with glutes

abdominals with erector spinae

gastrocnemius + soleus with tibialis anterior

deltoids with latissimus dorsi

trapezius + rhomboids with pectorals

Question 22

define what a synergist is

example:

Answer 22

a muscle that assists the agonist in performing the movement

in a bicep curl
brachialis and brachioradialis act as synergists

Question 23

define what a fixator is

example:

Answer 23

a muscle that stabilises the origin of the prime mover so that it can work efficiently

in a push up
rotator cuff muscles stabilise the shoulder joint

Question 24

is the agonist always the muscle that is shortening?

Answer 24

no, because some movements are required to be controlled in a smooth manner

and so in this case, the agonist will lengthen at some point

Question 25

list the three types of joint overall

Answer 25

- fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial

Question 26

**fibrous joints** (3) examples:

Answer 26

- allow no movement; fixed joint - no joint cavity - bones are held together by fibrous, connective tissue *cranium, pelvic girdle*

Question 27

**cartilaginous joints** (2) example:

Answer 27

- allow a small amount of movement - bones are separated by cartilage *vertebrae*

Question 28

**synovial joints** (2)

Answer 28

- allow for movement in one or more direction - fluid filled cavity

Question 29

how many types of synovial joint are there? list them

Answer 29

**six** - ball and socket - hinge - pivot - condyloid - gliding - saddle

Question 30

**ball and socket joint** examples:

Answer 30

- movement in all directions *hip, shoulder*

Question 31

**hinge joint** examples:

Answer 31

- movement in only one direction *knee, elbow, ankle*

Question 32

**pivot joint** example:

Answer 32

- allows only rotational movement *neck*

Question 33

**gliding joint** examples:

Answer 33

- only slight movement in every direction between two surfaces *metacarpals, metatarsals*

Question 34

**saddle joint** examples:

Answer 34

- one bone's surface is a concave in one direction and convex in the other - allows for all ranges of movement (except rotation) *between carpals and metacarpals, between tarsals and metatarsals, thumb*