UNIT 2) Part 1 Bad Relationships Flashcards

Question

How did the king govern without parliament?

Answer 1

The kings government structure. -The king -Privy council-Served as the primary advisory body to the king. It was composed of the king’s closest advisors and officials Local Government: -Local government -Justices of the Peace (JPs): Local magistrates who were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and implementing royal policies at the local level. Sheriffs: Key figures in the counties, responsible for the collection of taxes and the execution of judicial decisions. -Council of the North and Council of the Marches: Regional councils with administrative and judicial powers to enforce the king’s policies in the northern and western regions of England.

Answer 2

-Star chamber-Role: A prerogative court used to try cases of public disorder, corruption, and political dissent. It dealt with both civil and criminal cases. Features: Operated without a jury, allowing for more direct royal control over judgments. It was known for its secretive procedures and harsh punishments, including fines, imprisonment, and corporal punishment. Usage: Employed to suppress opposition and enforce conformity, particularly against those who resisted royal policies or criticized the king. -Court of High Commission: Function: The supreme ecclesiastical court of England, dealing with religious and moral offenses. Authority: Had the power to enforce the religious policies of Charles I, including adherence to Anglican practices and the suppression of Puritanism and other dissenting religious views. Operation: Like the Star Chamber, it operated without juries and had wide discretionary powers to impose severe penalties, including fines, imprisonment, and excommunication. -Council of the North: Purpose: A regional council with administrative, judicial, and military powers, established to maintain royal authority in the northern counties of England. Activities: Enforced royal policies, dealt with local grievances, and maintained law and order. It acted as a mini-parliament for the north, bypassing local courts and direct parliamentary oversight. -Council of the Marches: Role: Similar to the Council of the North, this body governed the border areas between England and Wales. Function: Managed local administration, justice, and defense, ensuring the implementation of the king’s policies in these regions.

Answer 3

Tonnage and poundage Monopolies Distraint of Knighthood Forest Laws Ship money

Answer 4

-Ship money was a coastal tax to support the building of naval ships during times of war, ship money was meant to be a one time levy during emergencies but Charles used as an annual tax and also in 1634 Charles extended the payment towards inland areas.

Answer 5

Thomas Wentworth knighted in 1628 and given several key positions including lord president of the council of the north. He is most known for helping control Ireland which was very unstable country at the time. Later impeached and executed in 1641.

Answer 6

Policy of “Thorough”: Principles: Strafford, along with Archbishop William Laud, advocated for the policy of "Thorough," which emphasized strong, centralized government, efficient administration, and the uncompromising enforcement of royal authority. Implementation: This policy extended to both England and Ireland, aiming to suppress opposition and ensure the king's commands were executed without question. Religious Uniformity: Support for Anglicanism: Enforced strict adherence to Anglican religious practices and ceremonies. This was particularly driven by Archbishop Laud, who sought to eliminate Puritanism and other forms of religious dissent. Control of the Church: Strengthened the control of the Church of England over religious life in the kingdom, using the ecclesiastical courts to punish nonconformity. egal and Judicial Reforms: Prerogative Courts: Strengthened the use of prerogative courts such as the Star Chamber and the Court of High Commission to enforce royal policies and suppress dissent. These courts operated without juries and could issue severe punishments. Uniformity in Law: Ensured that laws were applied uniformly across the kingdom, reducing the influence of local customs and privileges that might undermine royal authority.

Answer 7

As Lord President of the Council of the North, Wentworth exercised extensive powers over local governance. His approach was authoritarian, reducing the influence of local nobility and gentry who were used to a certain degree of autonomy in managing regional affairs. He supported the kings financial policies. Wentworth’s methods were often perceived as tyrannical and high-handed. His lack of regard for local traditions and his aggressive fiscal policies fostered a deep sense of grievance among the population of the north. The local nobility and gentry, who were accustomed to a significant degree of local autonomy and influence, were particularly aggrieved by Wentworth’s centralizing policies. They saw his actions as diminishing their traditional powers and privileges. Alienation of Key Figures: Wentworth’s authoritarian approach alienated influential local figures, many of whom had the means and motivation to oppose his policies and ultimately, the king’s rule.

Answer 8

Effective Revenue Generation: Increased Royal Revenue: Strafford managed to significantly increase revenue for the Crown in Ireland through efficient tax collection, enforcement of feudal dues, and economic reforms. This success demonstrated his ability to fund the monarchy independently of Parliament, which threatened Parliament’s financial leverage over the king. Military Strength: Standing Army: Strafford maintained a well-equipped and loyal standing army in Ireland, which he could potentially use to support Charles I against Parliament. The existence of this army was seen as a direct threat, especially given the tensions between the king and Parliament.

Answer 9

William Laud (1573-1645) was an influential English churchman and Archbishop of Canterbury under King Charles I. Laud was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633, becoming the principal leader of the Church of England and a close advisor to Charles I. Laud promoted "High Church" Anglicanism, which emphasized the sacraments, the authority of bishops, and the ceremonial aspects of worship. His reforms were seen as a move towards Arminianism and away from Puritanism. He was known for his persecution of Puritans and other religious dissenters. The Court of High Commission and the Star Chamber, where Laud had significant influence, were used to punish those who opposed his reforms.

Answer 10

Everyone uses the book of common prayer. Everyone follows 39 cannons(church laws). Inspections were carried out to check on the diocese. Clergy were disciplined if rules not followed. Alters placed at the east end(like catholic churches). Services more ceremonial and ritualistic(like catholic services).

Answer 11

Persecution of Dissenters: Harsh Measures: Laud was known for his aggressive persecution of religious dissenters, particularly Puritans, whom he viewed as a threat to the unity and stability of the Church of England. Use of Prerogative Courts: He used the Court of High Commission and the Star Chamber to prosecute and punish dissenters, often imposing severe penalties such as fines, imprisonment, and public humiliations. Censorship and Suppression of Free Speech: Censorship of Publications: Laud supported strict censorship of publications that criticized his policies or challenged orthodox religious beliefs. He sought to control the dissemination of ideas and suppress dissenting voices. Opposition to Free Speech: His crackdown on freedom of expression was seen as an infringement on basic liberties and contributed to growing opposition to his authoritarian rule.

Answer 12

Clerical Discipline and Authority: Visitation and Inspections: Laud conducted regular visitations and inspections to ensure compliance with his reforms. Non-conforming clergy were disciplined or removed from their positions. Centralization of Authority: He sought to centralize clerical authority, reducing the power of local parishes and bishops in favor of greater control by the central church hierarchy. Persecution of Dissenters: Puritan Suppression: Laud was particularly harsh towards Puritans and other dissenting religious groups. He used the Court of High Commission and the Star Chamber to prosecute and punish those who opposed his reforms, resulting in impris onment, fines, and other penalties. Prominent Cases: Notable cases included the punishment of Puritan leaders such as William Prynne, John Bastwick, and Henry Burton, who were subjected to harsh treatment for their outspoken criticism of Laud’s policies. Liturgical Uniformity: Book of Common Prayer: Laud insisted on the strict use of the Book of Common Prayer in all church services, aiming to ensure uniformity in worship across the kingdom. He viewed this as essential for maintaining the unity and identity of the Church of England. Ceremonial Practices: He promoted the revival and enforcement of ceremonial practices such as the use of altars, kneeling at communion, and the wearing of vestments by clergy. These practices were seen as reminiscent of Catholic traditions and were opposed by Puritans. Church Beautification: Restoration of Church Buildings: Laud encouraged the beautification of churches, advocating for the restoration of church buildings and the removal of "iconoclastic" destruction from previous Protestant reforms. This included the repair of stained glass windows, the return of altar rails, and the decoration of churches with religious symbols. Position of the Altar: He mandated that altars be placed at the east end of churches and railed off from the congregation, a move that emphasized the sanctity of the Eucharist and the distinction between clergy and laity.Political and Religious Uniformity: Policy of Thorough: In collaboration with Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, Laud was a key proponent of the policy of "Thorough," which aimed to enforce both political and religious uniformity across the kingdom. This included ensuring that royal authority was upheld in all aspects of governance and religion.

Answer 13

Puritans fined imprisoned and mutilated for dissent. Prynne, Bastwick and Burton further punished. No more scholarships for puritan preachers. Censorship of puritan books and pamphlets. Anyone organising street sermons was prosecuted.

Answer 14

Repairing and using Churches for their original purpose. Restored St Pauls with a special levy. Collection of tithes for the church rather than the landowner. Priests and Bishops had to live in the areas where they were appointed. Encouraged priests to preach Royal authority. Prominent bishops brought into Royal government.

Answer 15

Divine right of kings Patronage of the Arts: Charles was a patron of the arts and sought to use culture and aesthetics to enhance his image and promote his vision of monarchy. He commissioned portraits, portraits, paintings, and sculptures that depicted him in a regal and dignified manner. He portrayed himself as a defender of the faith against both Catholicism and radical Protestantism, positioning himself as a unifying figure in a deeply divided religious landscape.