Unit 2 pt.2

Question 1

eustachian tube

Answer 1

connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows passage of air

Question 2

middle ear

Answer 2

a tiny air filled cavity

Question 3

When does the eustachian tube open?

Answer 3

swallowing or yawning

Question 4

organ of corti

Answer 4

sensory organ of hearing

Question 5

cranial nerve 8

Answer 5

vestibulocochlear nerve
sends signals to both sides of the brainstem
responsible for maintaining body balance and eye movements and cochlear nerve is responsible for hearing

Question 6

What is the normal pathway of hearing?

Answer 6

air conduction but an alternate route is bone conduction

Question 7

otosclerosis

Answer 7

cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults, the stapes becomes fixed in the oval window and impedes the transmission of sound

Question 8

What happens to the ear in the aging adult?

Answer 8

cilia lining the ear becomes coarse and stiff, cerumen is drier bc apocrine glands become atrophied

Question 9

presbycusis

Answer 9

age related hearing loss
occurs in over 2/3 of adults

Question 10

What does sensorineural loss affect?

Answer 10

the middle ear structure, causes damage to nerve cells in the inner ear or cranial nerves
-cranial nerve 8

Question 11

otorrhea

Answer 11

infected canal or perforated eardrum

Question 12

external ear

Answer 12

funnels sound waves into opening, external auditory canal

Question 13

tympanic membrane

Answer 13

eardrum
separates the external and middle ear

Question 14

What does otoscopic infection consists of?

Answer 14

-making sure a prominent cone of light is visible
-malleus pulls at the center of the ear making it appear oval and slightly concave
-pars flaccida is the small slack superior section of the membrane
-pars tensa is the remainder of the membrane, thicker and more taut

Question 15

what are the bones of the middle ear?

Answer 15

malleus, incus, stapes

Question 16

What is the function of the middle ear?

Answer 16

conducts sounds vibrations from the outer ear to inner ear
protects the inner ear by reducing the amplitude of loud sounds
eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure

Question 17

inner ear

Answer 17

contains the bony labryinth, which holds the sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing

Question 18

cochlea

Answer 18

contains central hearing apparatus

Question 19

How does sound work?

Answer 19

ear transmits sound and converts the vibrations into electrical impulses

Question 20

Anything that obstructs sound transmission….

Answer 20

impairs hearing

Question 21

conductive hearing loss

Answer 21

involves a mechanical dysfunction of the external or middle ear
can be caused by cerumen buildup, otosclerosis, and ototoxicity

Question 22

mixed hearing loss

Answer 22

results from conductive and sensorineural loss

Question 23

In infants, what are some anatomical differences that alter hearing?

Answer 23

eustachian tube is relative short and wide
more horizontal
allows for easier migration of pathogens to the middle ear from nasopharynx
lumen is easily occluded

Question 24

In adults, what are some anatomical differences that alter hearing?

Answer 24

younger than age 40, otosclerosis is common

Question 25

In aging adults, what are some anatomical differences that alter hearing?

Answer 25

hearing acuity may be decreased because of the coarse and stiff cilia lining the ear,

Question 26

cerumen

Answer 26

lubricates, waterproofs, and cleans the external auditory canal

Question 27

What subjective data can be obtained about the ear?

Answer 27

ask about ear infections, earaches, tinnitus, for children, ask if they put things in their ears, ask about contact sport involvement

Question 28

What objective data can be obtained about the ear?

Answer 28

-note the size and shape of the auricle, ear position, and alignment on the head -observe skin condition -evaluate external auditory meatus -perform otoscopic examination, inspect eardrum color, and integrity -test hearing acuity -perform Romberg test, evaluate inner ear ability to maintain standing balance

Question 29

What should be incorporated in an ear assessment?

Answer 29

health promotion

Question 30

How should the tympanic membrane appear in the older adult?

Answer 30

whiter, more opaque,duller

Question 31

nose

Answer 31

first segment of respiratory system warms, moistens, and filters air

Question 32

vibrissae

Answer 32

coarse nasal hairs

Question 33

turbinates

Answer 33

increase the surface area so more blood vessels and mucous membranes are available to warm, humidify, and filter the air

Question 34

nasal mucosa

Answer 34

has rich blood supply

Question 35

cranial nerve I

Answer 35

olfactory nerve

Question 36

paranasal sinuses

Answer 36

lighten the weight of the skull bones air filled pockets in the cranium

Question 37

What two pairs of sinuses are accessible for exam?

Answer 37

frontal and maxillary

Question 38

What two sinuses are present at birth?

Answer 38

maxillary and ethmoid

Question 39

Kiesselbech's plexus

Answer 39

most common site of nosebleeds

Question 40

palate

Answer 40

roof of the mouth soft palate is pink and mobile hard palate is made of bone

Question 41

uvula

Answer 41

free projection hanging down from the middle of soft palate

Question 42

frenulum

Answer 42

midline fold that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Question 43

tonsils

Answer 43

lymphoid tissues

Question 44

What happens to the nose in aging adults?

Answer 44

subq fat is lost and nose protrudes, taste and smell is diminished loss of taste buds leading to weight loss

Question 45

peridontal disease

Answer 45

affects structures around the tooth

Question 46

epitaxis

Answer 46

nosebleeds, can be spontaneous and w/ trauma pt should lean forward and compress for 15 minutes

Question 47

throat or pharynx

Answer 47

area behind the mouth and the nose

Question 48

oropharynx

Answer 48

separated from the mouth by folds of tissue on each side, tonsils are behind these folds

Question 49

What occurs in the nose, mouth, and throat in children?

Answer 49

children have normally 20 temporary teeth

Question 50

What occurs in the nose, mouth, and throat in pregnancy?

Answer 50

nasal stuffiness, epitaxis occurs

Question 51

What subjective data can be obtained about the nose, mouth, and throat?

Answer 51

ask about nosebleeds, sinus pain, trauma, allergies -for the mouth and throat, sores, lesions, bleeding gums, toothaches

Question 52

What objective data can be obtained about the nose, mouth, and throat?

Answer 52

-inspect the external nose -test the patency of each nostril to reveal any obstruction -inspect the nasal cavity -observe the turbinates to check color -palpate the frontal and maxillary sinus for tenderness -inspect the lips, teeth, and gums -inspect and palpate the uvula, say ahhhhh to check cranial nerve X, it should move -to test cranial nerve 12 or CN XII, stick out the tongue - to test gag reflex, assess cranial nerve 10 and cranial nerve 9 or CN IX