Unit 2: Social Behavior

Question 1

social behavior

Answer 1

the interactions between individuals of the same species

Question 2

benefits of social behavior

Answer 2

• survival -> lower likelihood of predation
• feeding -> easier to find food; safer to feed
• mating -> easier to find/attract mates

Question 3

calf defense by

Answer 3

musk oxen

Question 4

the benefits of living in groups include

Answer 4

• less energy expended on vigilance
• decreased vigilance -> decreased food handling COST (in terms of time)

Question 5

Leks are a good example of

Answer 5

the benefits (for some individuals) of group living

Question 6

reproductive displays among sage grouse draw in more females when

Answer 6

multiple males are involved

Question 7

density - dependent factors like [–] and [–] make group living [–]

Answer 7

density - dependent factors like predation and competition make group living costly

Question 8

close association with conspecifics alllows

Answer 8

rapid infection of parasites and diseases

Question 9

large groups can also mean

Answer 9

increased competition for food

Question 10

The trade-off between risk and reward leads to

Answer 10

optimization

Question 11

intermediate-sized baboon groups had

Answer 11

the least stress and the smallest food travel distance

Question 12

territoriality has [–] but can mitigate [–] encounters

Answer 12

territoriality has energy costs but can mitigate agonistic encounters

Question 13

territory

Answer 13

area defended against the intrusion of other

Question 14

territoriality is used to protect resources such as

Answer 14

• food
• mate
• offpsring

Question 15

territoriality is

Answer 15

transient or permenant

Question 16

territoriality requires

Answer 16

active defense, territorial animals are mobile

Question 17

dominace hierarchies maintain social order when

Answer 17

defending a territory is impractical

Question 18

dominance hierarchies are defined by

Answer 18

social rank rather than space

Question 19

first ranked individuals

Answer 19

dominate all other

Question 20

territoriality is hard to maintain when

Answer 20

there is high population density, resource transcience, need to live in group

Question 21

Social interactions can be categorized as + or - for the

Answer 21

donor and the recipient

Question 22

cooperation and selfishness favored by

Answer 22

natural selection (benefit donor)

Question 23

spitefulness is

Answer 23

never favored (no benefit)

Question 24

altruism is a

Answer 24

• special case
• reduces direct fitness of the donor but increases inclusive fitness

Question 25

altruistic

Answer 25

donor = losses (-) reciever = gain (+)

Question 26

spiteful

Answer 26

* donor = losses (-) * reciever = losses (-)

Question 27

cooperative

Answer 27

donor = gain (+) reciever = gain (+)

Question 28

selfish

Answer 28

donor = gains (+) reciever = losses (-)

Question 29

coefficents of relatedness describe

Answer 29

the likelihood that two individuals will share the same alleles

Question 30

natural selection favors traits that increase

Answer 30

inclusive fitness (direct + indirect)

Question 31

Total fitness of a gene responsible for a particuar behavior =

Answer 31

inclusive fitness

Question 32

indirect fitness =

Answer 32

B x r B = benefit r = relatedness

Question 33

inclusive (total) fitness =

Answer 33

direct + indirect fitness

Question 35

altruism will evolve where:

Answer 35

C/B < r C = cost to donor B = benefit to recipient r = coefficent of relationship

Question 36

Hamilton's Rule

Answer 36

Br > C

Question 37

Wild turkey coalitions demonstrate

Answer 37

the benefits of altruistic behavior

Question 38

LEK

Answer 38

* gathering of males to perform courtship displays * more males -> more females pay attention

Question 39

Wild turkey leks =

Answer 39

2+ males

Question 40

indirect fitness benefit of LEK

Answer 40

associated males are full or half sibs (coefficent of relationship ave = 0.42) offspring produced: dominant male (ave) = 6.1, solo male (ave) = 0.9 cost to a single male to join lek = 0.9 indirect fitness benefit = B x r = 6.1 x 0.42 = 2.6

Question 42

"Helpers at the nest" increase their

Answer 42

inclusive fitness when likelihood of individuals success is low

Question 43

one of the costs associated with kin selection is described as

Answer 43

"Parent/Offspring Conflict"

Question 44

Parent/offspring conflict

Answer 44

parent and offspring differ over optimal level of parental investment

Question 45

parent's dilemma

Answer 45

current reproductive effort vs future efforts

Question 46

Parental investment may be

Answer 46

an "actractiveness" factor in mate choice

Question 47

fitness of an individual progeny generally increases with

Answer 47

parental expenditure

Question 48

parental optimum differs from

Answer 48

the optimum for individual progeny, setting up a conflict of interests between parents and progeny

Question 49

In belding's ground squirrels, females

Answer 49

risk death more often than would be expected

Question 50

females are more likely to be related to

Answer 50

their co-foragers

Question 51

eusocial groups exhibit the

Answer 51

highest level of organization

Question 52

eusocial groups

Answer 52

* large number of non-reproductive individuals * several adults living together in groups * overlapping generations * cooperation in nest building and brood care * reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals, including the presence of sterile castes

Question 53

eusociality is limited among

Answer 53

insects to isoptera (termites) and hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps), and to one mammal, the naked mole rat

Question 54

naked mole rat eusociality

Answer 54

* live in large colonies, presided over by a queen * only thr queen and a few select males breed * rest of the colony -- all members of the same family -- work together to raise young and maintain the colony * wild colonies range in size from 20 to 300 individuals, with an average colony consisting of 75 individuals

Question 55

in bees relatedness is skewed by

Answer 55

haploidy/diploidy sex determination

Question 56

# bees females are

Answer 56

diploid

Question 57

# bees males are

Answer 57

haploid

Question 59

# bees dominated by

Answer 59

a queen, only the queen breeds

Question 60

# bees sterile worker caste =

Answer 60

female

Question 61

# bees reproductive cast =

Answer 61

male and female

Question 62

# bees caste determined by

Answer 62

nutritioon during larval development

Question 63

# bees because of haplodiploidy in bees, sisters have [--] of their genes (on average)

Answer 63

75%

Question 64

# bees because female share [--] the same genes from their father and an average of [--] from their mother, the average coefficent of relatedness among workers is [--], much higher than mammal sibilings

Answer 64

because female share **100%** the same genes from their father and an average of **50%** from their mother, the average coefficent of relatedness among workers is **75%**, much higher than mammal sibilings