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unit 2 terms Flashcards

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1
Q

membrane fluidity

A

the ability of cell and organelle membranes to maintain their structure and function by allowing molecules to move within them

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2
Q

cholesterol

A

a sterol molecule. Rigid steroid ring structure fills the space in the bilayer and gives structure.

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3
Q

scramblase

A

the enzyme that redistributes lipids randomly to make things even

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4
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate coat in animals

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5
Q

flippase

A

enzyme that finds specific lipids and flips them to other side

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6
Q

transmembrane protein

A

a type of integral membrane protein that span the cell membrane and perform important biological functions.

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7
Q

lipid linked protein

A

proteins that are covalently attached to lipids in the cell membrane

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8
Q

protein attached

A

proteins that are attached to a biological membrane

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9
Q

integral proteins

A

proteins that are permanently attached to the cell membrane

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10
Q

peripheral protein

A

Proteins that are loosely attached to the surface of a cell or mitochondrial membrane, but are not embedded in it.

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11
Q

membrane domain

A

concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes

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12
Q

simple diffusion

A

directly cross the membrane

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13
Q

facilitated transport

A

uses a protein

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14
Q

hypertonic

A

more solute outside vs. inside the cell

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15
Q

hypotonic

A

less solute outside of the cell

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16
Q

isotonic

A

equilibrium (happy cell)

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17
Q

turgor pressure

A

the force within a cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

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18
Q

passive transport

A

solute moves down WITH a concentration gradient (more or less) and does not require energy

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19
Q

active transport

A

solute move against the concentration gradient (less to more) requires input of energy

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20
Q

channel

A

-passive only
-moves ions
-solute specificity determined by size and charge

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21
Q

transporter

A

-passive or active
-moves ions and uncharged molecules
-solute specificity determined by affinity for binding site (like an enzyme)

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22
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell

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23
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

determines the direction that ions will flow through an open ion channel

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24
Q

K-leak channel

A

membrane proteins that allow potassium ions to flow across cell membranes

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25
selectivity filter
allows only specific ions to move across the membrane
26
voltage-gated channels
have voltage-sensing domains that can tell when there is a change in membrane potential. switch from open to close after reaching a certain threshold.
27
ligand-gated channels
have a binding site on either side and can only open when ligand is bound. Passive
28
Pumps
active transport proteins used to get things across the membrane
29
sodium/potassium pump
moves potassium ions into the cell while simultaneously moving sodium ions out of the cell
30
coupled pump/cotransport
uses energy of a strong concentration gradient of one solute to power the movement of a second molecule against the gradient
31
symport
moves two molecules in the same direction
32
antiport
moves two molecules in opposite directions
33
neuron
specialized cells that receive, integrate, and transmit signals.
34
action potential
the traveling wave of depolarization/repolarization
35
mitochondria
site of cellular respiration and atp synthase
36
outer membrane
contains specialized porin channel proteins that allow large molecules (sugars, proteins) into the mitochondria.
37
porin
pore within a membrane
38
inner membrane
impermeable to ions and small molecules. Highly convoluted, forming a series of infoldings called cristae.
39
cristae
series of infoldings
40
intermembrane space
region between the two membranes. Because the outer membrane is so porous, it is very similar chemically to the cytosol.
41
matrix
large internal space created by the inner membrane. Site of the citric acid cycle (Krebs). contains all the enzymes required for the breakdown of sugars.
42
cell respiration
electrons derived from the oxidation of food molecules are transferred to a series of electron carrier proteins embedded in the membrane.
43
NADH
is an activated carrier that transfers electrons from one step of respiration to another
44
Chemiosmotic coupling
uses energy in a H+ gradient to power the formation of ATP.
45
glycolysis
takes place in the cytosol. Produces two molecules of the 3-carbon sugar pyruvate from glucose. also genrates 2 ATP and 2 NADH
46
citric acid cycle
pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA in the matrix. then Acetyl-CoA goes into CAC and CAC function to oxidize acetyl-CoA generating NADH and FADH2
47
pyruvate
3-carbon sugar produced during glycolysis
48
NADH dehydrogenase
contains many Fe-S centers, which have relatively low affinity for electrons. complex I of ETC
49
Ubiquinone
is a small coenzyme that transfers electrons between NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome C reductase.
50
cytochrome C
is a small protein that contains a heme (Fe rich) group that shuttles electrons between the cytochrome C reductase and oxidase complexes.
51
succinate dehydrogenase
accepts electrons from FADH2 and passes them to ubiquinone. complex II of ETC.
52
ATP synthase
an enzyme that uses the flow of protons across a membrane to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from ADP and phosphate
53
chloroplast
where photosynthesis occurs
54
thylakoid
where light reaction of photosynthesis take place
55
grana
stacks of thylakoids
56
light reactions
chloroplasts capture energy of sunlight and uses it to make ATP and NADPH
57
dark reactions/ calvin cycle
capture energy converts CO2 into glucose precursors. does not require light.
58
chlorophyll
pigment that absorbs light and helps transfer energy from the sun.
59
antenna complex
an array of proteins that contain thousand of chlorophyll and pigment molecules
60
reaction center
where the energy from the sun is used to energize electrons
61
special pair
specific pair of chlorophyll molecules located at the core of a photosystem, acting as the primary electron donor in the light-dependent reactions
62
photosystem
the antenna complex and reaction center together
63
photosystem II
feeds electrons to an ETC that powers the pumping of protons into the thylakoid space.
64
photosystem I
after photosystem II. a protein complex in the thylakoid
65
plastocyanin
a blue copper-containing protein found in plants that act as an electron carrier in the photosynthetic ETC.
66
Water splitting enzyme (OEC)
Oxygen evolving complex. a protein complex contains a water-splitting enzyme that holds two water molecules and extracts electrons one at a time.
67
Plastoquinone
a molecule found in plants that acts as an electron carrier within the ETC
68
ferredoxin
iron-sulfur proteins that transport electrons in many metabolic reactions. transfer electrons to ferredoxin NADP reductase, which will reduce the activated carried NADPH
69
NADPH
electron donor. used to power the production of sugars from atoms derived from CO2 and H2O.
70
Carbon Fixation
the process by which living organisms convert CO2 from the atmosphere into organic compounds
71
Rubisco
the enzyme that combines CO2 with RuBP
72
RuBP
primary acceptor of carbon dioxide during the Calvin cycle
73
G3P
the precursor to glucose and helps regenerate RuBP.

cell bio (4 decks)

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