unit 3 terms

Question 1

endomembrane system

Answer 1

includes ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, endosomes, and peroxisomes

Question 2

lysosomes

Answer 2

compartments that digest fats, and unwanted material

Question 3

endosomes

Answer 3

help with sorting of endocytosed molecules

Question 4

peroxisomes

Answer 4

break down of toxic molecules

Question 5

signal sequences

Answer 5

stretches of amino acids that determine where a protein will end up

Question 6

nuclear envelope

Answer 6

encloses the DNA and is formed from two concentric membranes

Question 7

NLS

Answer 7

Nuclear localization signal. what proteins destined for the nucleus contain

Question 8

nuclear import receptor

Answer 8

cytosolic proteins

Question 9

protein translocator

Answer 9

proteins embedded in the membrane that help move cargo across the dual membranes

Question 10

chaperone proteins

Answer 10

interact with the protein inside and help pull it across the membrane

Question 11

ER signal sequence

Answer 11

a signal that any protein that starts in the ER contains

Question 12

SRP

Answer 12

signal recognition protein that takes protein to SRP receptor

Question 13

SRP receptor

Answer 13

the receptor of the protein targeted by the SRP

Question 14

stop transfer sequence

Answer 14

results in the stopping of proteins through the pore. any amino acids from the stop transfer to the end will remain outside the ER in the cytosol.

Question 15

start transfer sequence

Answer 15

restarts the passage of a protein through the translocon.

Question 16

transport vesicle

Answer 16

a small, spherical, membrane-bound sac that carries substance between different parts of a cell.

Question 17

secretory pathway

Answer 17

membrane-bound organelles that transport and release proteins, peptides, or neurotransmitters from a cell to its exterior.

Question 18

endocytic pathway

Answer 18

a cellular process in which substance from the extracellular environment are engulfed and brought into the cell through the formation of vesicles.

Question 19

coated vesicles

Answer 19

spherical membrane-bound organelle that transports proteins and lipids between compartments within a cell

Question 20

clathrin

Answer 20

helps form the vesicle

Question 21

adaptin

Answer 21

responsible for choosing the molecules that will be transported

Question 22

dynamin

Answer 22

a protein that plays a key role in membrane fission and vesicle formation in eukaryotic cells. helps pinch vesicle off in budding

Question 23

Rab

Answer 23

on vesicles and acs like target markers for tethering proteins to find the vesicle.

Question 24

tethering protein

Answer 24

grab the vesicle and bring it closer to form with the target membrane.

Question 25

v-snare

Answer 25

located on the vesicle to help tether and fuse to the membrane

Question 26

t-snare

Answer 26

located on the target membrane to help tether and fuse the vesicle to the membrane.

Question 27

glycosylation

Answer 27

covalent attachment of a 14-sugar chain to a protein.

Question 28

dolichol

Answer 28

hold sugar groups together

Question 29

ER retention signal

Answer 29

what ER-destined proteins contain as an additional ER signal in receptors of both ER and golgi

Question 30

anterograde

Answer 30

ER to Golgi transport

Question 31

retrograde

Answer 31

Golgi to ER transport

Question 32

UPR

Answer 32

unfolded protein response promotes the formation of more ER, chaperones, additional quality control proteins

Question 33

cristernae

Answer 33

multiple flattened membrane-bound sac in golgi

Question 34

constitutive exocytosis

Answer 34

a constant stream of transport vesicles off the trans-Golgi that delivers newly made lipids and proteins to the plasma membrane. delivers soluble proteins that will be released from the cell. does not require a signal sequence.

Question 35

regulated exocytosis

Answer 35

secretory vesicles that only operate in cells that are specialized for secretion.

Question 36

secretory vesicles

Answer 36

cells that make large quantities of specific molecules like hormones. molecules are held in secretory vesicles until their release is desired.

Question 37

phagocytosis

Answer 37

cellular eating- ingestion of large particles, including whole cells or large pieces of cell debris

Question 38

pseudopods

Answer 38

sheet-like projections that capture the microbe and are produced by phagocytes

Question 39

phagosome

Answer 39

fuses with a lysosome to facilitate microbe death.

Question 40

autophagy

Answer 40

the process by which cells degrade obsolete components

Question 41

autophagosome

Answer 41

an additional membrane for organelles that fuse with lysosome

Question 42

RME

Answer 42

allows for the uptake of specific molecules into the cell

Question 43

transcytosis

Answer 43

a process that move molecules across a cell by capturing them in vesicles on one side of the cell, transporting them across the cytoplasm, and releasing them on the other side.

Question 44

mannose-6-phosphate

Answer 44

a molecule that plays a key role in transporting proteins to lysosomes