unit 4 terms

Question 1

signal transduction

Answer 1

the process of perceiving and converting signals into responses

Question 2

reception

Answer 2

an extracellular signal is detected by a target cell.

Question 3

transduction

Answer 3

Signal perception causes a conformational change in the receptor. triggers a cascade of reactions in which the signal is transferred among several relay molecules.

Question 4

response

Answer 4

the change in the behavior of a cell is the direct result of the signal

Question 5

extracellular signal

Answer 5

chemical cues that cells send to each other to communicate and coordinate physiological processes

Question 6

target cell

Answer 6

the cell that is receiving the extracellular cell

Question 7

signaling cell

Answer 7

the cell that initiates the signal

Question 8

receptor

Answer 8

protein that recognizes and responds specifically to the signal

Question 9

endocrine signaling

Answer 9

used for long-distance signaling

Question 10

hormones

Answer 10

how endocrine signals move

Question 11

paracrine signaling

Answer 11

used in more short signaling

Question 12

local mediator

Answer 12

localized signals that only act on cells near their origin

Question 13

autocrine signaling

Answer 13

perceive signals they create themselves

Question 14

nuclear receptor

Answer 14

a class of proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to ligands and acting as transcription factors

Question 15

secondary messanger

Answer 15

amplify the received signal because they are small signaling molecules

Question 16

molecular switch

Answer 16

proteins that are able to be quickly activated or inactivated by a signal

Question 17

GTP binding protein

Answer 17

toggle back and forth between having GTP and GDP bound

Question 18

GEF

Answer 18

guanine nucleotide exchange factor. promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP

Question 19

GAP

Answer 19

GTPase-activating protein helps the GTPase hydrolyze GTP

Question 20

GPCR

Answer 20

G-protein coupled receptors. the largest family of cell surface receptors. bind very diverse types of signals

Question 21

G-alpha

Answer 21

is a subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein, which is activated when Gα releases GDP and binds to GTP.

Question 22

G-beta

Answer 22

regulate many processes in pancreatic β cells, including insulin secretion, β-cell growth, and apoptosis.

Question 23

G-gamma

Answer 23

• stabilization of G-beta and G-Protein Complex
• Signal Modulation
• targeting and Localization

Question 24

adenylyl cyclase

Answer 24

catalyzes teh reaction that converts ATP to cAMP

Question 25

cAMP

Answer 25

cAMP serves as a second messenger in many signaling pathways, primarily associated with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Question 26

cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

Answer 26

what degrades cAMP and is always active in the cell

Question 27

cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA)

Answer 27

is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates many physiological processes

Question 28

phospholipase C

Answer 28

functions to cleave lipids in the membrane

Question 29

inositol phospholipids

Answer 29

only on the cytosolic side of the lipid bilayer

Question 30

IP3

Answer 30

opens ligand gated Ca2+ channels in the ER, releasing Ca2+ into the cytosol

Question 31

diacylglycerol (DAG)

Answer 31

signaling lipid that activates proteins like pkc

Question 32

calmodulin

Answer 32

one of the most common calcium-binding proteins present in the cytosol of all eukaryotes

Question 33

CaM kinase (phosphatase)

Answer 33

are activated by binding to CaM/Ca2+ complexes and can go on to activate a variety of cellular processes.

Question 34

protein kinase C (PKC)

Answer 34

-partly activated by CA2+ -interacts with DAG to fully activate -has many downstream targets

Question 35

autophosphorylation

Answer 35

when a protein kinase adds a phosphate group to itself

Question 36

enzyme coupled receptor

Answer 36

bind a variety of signals often local mediators

Question 37

receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

Answer 37

largest class of enzyme-coupled receptors in animals. function in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival

Question 38

RAS

Answer 38

a lipid-linked monomeric GTPase located at the membrane

Question 39

MAP kinase signaling module

Answer 39

RAS trigged it

Question 40

MAPKKK

Answer 40

kinase that phosphorylates MAPKK

Question 41

MAPKK

Answer 41

kinase that phosphorylates MAPK

Question 42

MAPK

Answer 42

last kinase in the module

Question 43

phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3-Kinases)

Answer 43

common docking sites for other kinases like Akt

Question 44

Akt/PKB

Answer 44

3 protein kinases that are central to cell signaling

Question 45

Bad

Answer 45

protein promotes cell death when active

Question 46

Bcl2

Answer 46

a protein that regulates programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in cell

Question 47

Tor kinase

Answer 47

stimulates growth by enhancing protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation