Unit 2 Test Flashcards
(124 cards)
0
Q
what is electromagnetic radiation?
A
form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
1
Q
what are the 2 other names for electromagnetic radiation?
A
- electromagnetic spectrum
2. light
2
Q
what kind of relationship is between freq. & wavelength?
A
inverse relationship
3
Q
what kind of relationship is between freq. & energy?
A
direct relationship
4
Q
what are radio waves on the electromagnetic spectrum?
A
LIGHT, not sound
5
Q
what is the diff. between light & sound?
A
sound requires matter to travel, light does not
6
Q
what are microwaves used in?
A
microwaves (the kitchen appliance)
7
Q
what is infrared?
A
heat radiation, what’s given off w/ high temp.
8
Q
what is visible light?
A
what we see (we see what isn’t absorbed (what is reflected))
9
Q
what color is something when all the light is absorbed?
A
black
10
Q
what color is something when all the light is reflected?
A
white
11
Q
tell about ultraviolet light
A
- very bad for us, what we use sunscreen to block
- only about 1% comes down to earth
12
Q
what is wavelength?
A
distance between 2 same spots on neighboring waves (corresponding points on adjacent waves)
13
Q
what is the name of the symbol for wavelength & what does it look like?
A
lamba; upside down y
14
Q
what is the preferable unit for wavelength?
A
nm (nanometer)
15
Q
what is frequency?
A
- the “how often” factor
- the # of waves that pass a given point in a specific time, usually 1 second
16
Q
what is the symbol for frequency?
A
v
17
Q
what is the unit for freq.?
A
Hz (hertz) – means: waves/sec
18
Q
what is the symbol for speed?
A
C
19
Q
what is the speed of light?
A
3.0 X 10^8 m/sec
20
Q
what does the speed of each light form depend on?
A
TRICK QUESTION ALL FORMS OF LIGHT TRAVEL AT THE SAME SPEED
21
Q
what is the equation/formula for speed of light?
A
speed of light = wavelength X freq.
C = (upside down)y X v
22
Q
what is the symbol for energy?
A
E
23
Q
what is energy measured in?
A
Kilojoules (KJ)
24
what is the formula for energy?
E=hv
25
what is h? (E=hv)
Plank's constant
26
what is the "formula" for Plank's constant?
h = E/v
27
what does a constant mean?
direct relationship
28
what is a quanta?
a small amount of energy
29
what is a photon?
a small amount of energy?
30
who named the quanta?
Plank
31
who named the photon?
Einstein
32
what is the difference between a quanta & a photon?
NOTHING - INTERCHANGEABLE, SAME THING
33
is quanta or photon used more often?
photon is used more often, it's more common
34
what did scientists used to think energy was like?
connected, never-ending (like a long, curvy continuous line)
35
what do scientists now know energy is like?
short bursts of energy (imagine a string of pearls)
36
what does the duel wave particle nature deal with?
photon (quanta) vs. electron
37
what is a photon (quanta) & what is an e-?
photon (quanta) --> energy
| electron --> matter
38
how does a photon (quanta) travel?
travels in waves
39
what does an e- have that the photon (quanta) doesn't?
mass & volume
40
how is a photon like matter & how is an e- like energy?
- photon --> like matter in small packets (like a particle)
| - electron --> like energy in their movement which is in waves
41
what is the photoelectric effect?
- "what happens w/ light & electrons"
| - the response of e- in a material when light is directed/absorbed to/into it
42
what is ground state?
lowest energy state --> naturally
43
what is excited state?
higher energy state --> after absorbed # photons (of light)
44
what happens to the e- in a material when light is directed/absorbed to/into it?
they go from G.S. --> E.S. --> G.S.
| +energy -energy
45
what can be measured in the photoelectric effect?
can measure & can see what is released (the color of visible light)
46
do the e- stay in the excited state?
no - cannot sustain self in excited state, must go back to ground state
47
how is a spectrum produced?
using spectroscope
48
what does a spectroscope need to contain?
prism or diffraction lens
49
what does a spectrum do?
breaks light up into diff. parts
50
what is a spectrum based on?
range of nm & freq.
51
basically, what's a spectrum?
visible light
52
what are the 3 types of spectrums?
1. continuous spectrum
2. emission spectrum
3. absorption spectrum
53
what is a continuous spectrum?
where the bonds of light have no gaps, no divisions, no breaks - 1 color blends into the next
54
what are continuous spectrums produced by?
light sources (i.e. the sun, lightbulbs (white ones))
55
what is an emission spectrum?
have separate bands of colors
56
what are the the other names for an emission spectrum?
Bright-light / Line spectrum
57
what are emission spectrums produced by?
individual elements
58
what is an absorption spectrum?
has dark lines where they responded to light
59
what is an absorption spectrum also known as?
Dark-line spectrum
60
what are the colors of visible light?
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
61
what is the range of visible light?
700 nm - 400 nm
62
at the end where radio waves are, are wavelengths longer or shorter?
longer
63
at the end where radio waves are, is freq. low or high?
low
64
at the end where radio waves are, is energy low or high?
low
65
at the end where gamma rays are, are wavelengths short or long?
shorter
66
at the end where gamma rays are, is freq. high or low?
high
67
at the end where gamma rays are, is energy high or low?
high
68
in Bohr's model, what was the problem?
mathematically, it only worked for 1 e- (hydrogen), not any other elements
69
what did most scientists during Bohr's time think the atom was set up like?
the solar system
70
what is Bohr's model referred to as?
the "planetary model"
71
what did Bohr determine from his failed model?
each location (orbital) within the e- cloud can hold more than 1 e-
72
what did DeBroglie do?
tell us the e- moves around nucleus in waves (unlocked movement of e-)
73
what did Heisenberg give us?
the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
74
what is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?
cannot look at speed & location (velocity & position) at the same time - can pick one, can't do both
75
what was Schrödinger's contribution?
gave us probable location of e-, mathematically calculated
76
how did Schrödinger find the probable location of the e-?
used equations called quantum theory
77
what was Schrödinger's quantum theory?
probable location = (# e-) (v) (h)
78
what is an orbital?
3D region located above & around nucleus
79
what do orbitals max out at?
2 e-
80
what are the 4 diff. types of quantum #s?
1. Principal QN
2. Angular Momentum QN
3. Magnetic QN
4. Spin QN
81
what does the principal QN indicate?
distance from nucleus
82
what is the symbol for principal QN?
n
83
what are the # values for principal QN?
1 to 7 (whole #s)
84
what do the # values for principal QN actually represent?
```
energy levels (aka energy shells which use letters K-Q)
*also are periods on PT
```
85
what does angular momentum QN indicate?
shape of orbital
86
what is the symbol for angular momentum QN?
scripted/cursive l (L)
87
what are the # values for angular momentum QN?
0 to 3 (whole #s)
88
what do the # values for angular momentum QN actually represent?
sublevels (s-p-d-f)
89
what does the angular momentum QN 0 tell about that sublevel?
- aka s
- electron capacity of 2 e-
- sphere shape
90
what does the angular momentum QN 1 tell about that sublevel?
- aka p
- electron capacity of 6 e-
- dumb bell shape
91
what does the angular momentum QN 2 tell about that sublevel?
- aka d
- electron capacity of 10 e-
- double dumb bell / donut w/ dumb bell shape
92
what does the angular momentum QN 3 tell about that sublevel?
- aka f
- electron capacity of 14 e-
- complex shape (see book)
93
what does the magnetic QN indicate?
orientation around nucleus on x-y-z axes
94
what is the symbol for magnetic QN?
m
95
what are the # values for magnetic QN?
+3 to 0 to -3 (whole #s)
96
what do the # values for magnetic QN actually represent?
orbital (max of 2 e-), used in arrangment as x-y-z
97
what is the magnetic QN range & # of orbitals for the s sublevel?
```
range: 0
# orbitals: 1
```
98
what is the magnetic QN range & # of orbitals for the p sublevel?
```
range: +1 / 0 / -1
# orbitals: 3
```
99
what is the magnetic QN range & # of orbitals for the d sublevel?
```
range: +2 / +1 / 0 / -1 / -2
# orbitals: 5
```
100
what is the magnetic QN range & # of orbitals for the f sublevel?
```
range: +3 / +2 / +1 / 0 / -1 / -2 / -3
# orbitals: 7
```
101
what does spin QN indicate?
-spin direction of e- (rotation around its axis of e-)
102
what is the symbol for spin QN?
s
103
what are the # values for spin QN?
+1/2 , -1/2
104
in spin QN, what # value is clockwise & what # value is counterclockwise?
+1/2 --> clockwise
| -1/2 --> counterclockwise
105
what do the # values for spin QN actually represent?
spin on its axis
106
how is spin QN represented in a written arrangement?
arrows (going up or down)
| *up = positive, down = neg.
107
what is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
-no 2 e- for the same atom can have the same 4 QNs
so...
only can have 2 e- per orbital w/ opposite spins
108
what do opposite spins do?
keep e- apart
109
when was the Pauli Exclusion Principle developed?
1925
110
what is the Aufbau Principle?
e- must fill lowest energy orbitals
111
what are the exceptions to the Aufbau principle?
groups 6 & 11
112
what is done when filling group 6 element's e- arrangements?
always put 1 half arrow in each of the 5 d orientations (take arrow out of 4s orbital)
113
what is the reason behind the special rule in group 6?
balance d- orbital w/ one in each orbitals place & only 1 in s orbital
114
what is the rule for group 11 element's e- arrangements?
always fill d sublevel completely (2 arrows in each)
115
what is the reason behind the exception with group 11?
balance d- orbitals w/ 2 in each orbital place & only 1 in s orbital
116
what is Hund's Rule?
orbitals w/ the same energy (in same sublevel) are filled w/ one e- each before 2nd e- is added to oribtal
117
what are the 3 types of e- arrangements?
1. orbital notation
2. electron configuration notation
3. noble gas notation
118
what does orbital notation use to represent the orbital?
a line
119
in orbital notation, what goes underneath the line (orbital)?
label under line w/ principal QN & sublevel letter for angular momentum QN & letter for magnetic QN
120
what goes above the line (orbital) in orbital notation?
arrow(s) showing e- spin QN (max. 2 arrows in opposite directions)
121
describe electron configuration notation
uses principal QN & sublevel letter for angular momentum QN && superscript for # of e-
*add superscripts to get total # e-
122
describe noble gas notation
used chem. symbol of noble gas in [brackets] for filled energy levels (use noble gas in 1 period before the element)
cont. w/ principal QN & sublevel letter for angular momentum QN && superscript for # of e-
123
describe electron dot diagram
used chem. symbol & dots (for valence e- only)
