Unit 4 Test Flashcards
(125 cards)
0
Q
describe groups
A
- columns
- tell # val. e-
- 18 of them
1
Q
describe periods
A
- rows
- 7 of them
- Principal QNs
- relates to energy levels (tells # of them & energy for val. e-)
- length varies (related to sublevels)
2
Q
what are group 1 elements called?
A
alkali metals
3
Q
what are group 2 elements called?
A
alkaline earth metals
4
Q
what are group 17 elements called?
A
halogens
5
Q
what are group 18 elements called?
A
noble gases
6
Q
what are groups 3-12 called?
A
Transition Elements
7
Q
what affects the amount of control?
A
distance from nucleus
8
Q
if an e- is closer to nucleus…
A
more control over e-
9
Q
if an e- is farther from nucleus…
A
not as much control over e-
10
Q
what is the PT?
A
an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic #s so that elements w/ similar prop. fall in the same column/group
11
Q
what is the periodicity of periods?
A
nuclear control becomes greater from left to right
12
Q
why is there an increase in nuclear control L to R across a period?
A
more p+ in nucleus (e- remain insignificant), so more control
13
Q
what is the periodicity of groups?
A
nuclear control = greater at the top of group
14
Q
why is there greater nuclear control at the top of a group?
A
closer to nucleus in lower energy levels
15
Q
what did Berzelius do?
A
developed system of chem. symbols to represent elements [using some rather interesting symbols]
16
Q
what language did Berzelius use for his system of chem. symbols?
A
used LATIN name
17
Q
what was part of Berzelius’s original system?
A
used 1 letter for nonmetals & 2 letters for metals
18
Q
is Berzelius’s # letters naming system still in place?
A
no, now elements are usually named after people/places
19
Q
what did Cannizzaro do?
A
developed method to accurately determine the atomic mass of elements
20
Q
when were Berzelius & Cannizzaro doing their stuff?
A
1800s
21
Q
what did Mendeleev do?
A
published 1st PT in 1869
22
Q
when Mendeleev published the 1st PT, was any part of the atom discovered yet & what part?
A
have not found any part of atom yet
23
Q
how did Mendeleev organize his PT?
A
put elements into table by increasing ATOMIC MASS
24
did Mendeleev's PT line up & work correctly?
no
25
what did Moseley do?
determined each element has a unique & diff. amount of p+ in its nucleus
26
what did Moseley identify for elements?
identified the atomic # (# of p+) for elements
27
what did Moseley develop?
the modern PT
28
how did Moseley arrange elements?
by increasing ATOMIC # (# p+)
29
what does "periodic" mean?
repeating
30
define periodic law
the phys. & chem. prop. of the elements are period functions of their atomic #s
31
what is the SAME in a group?
SAME # val. e-
32
what is SIMILAR in a group?
SIMILAR chem. & phys. prop.
33
what are the 4 blocks?
s, p, d, f
34
what are the 4 blocks actually?
angular momentum QN (sublevels for valence e-)
35
on a PT, what block is on the very left?
s
36
on a PT, what block is in the middle?
d
37
in a PT, what block is on the very right?
p
38
in a PT, what block is on the bottom?
f
39
what are the s block groups?
groups 1 & 2
40
what are the d block groups?
3-12
41
what are the p block groups?
13-18
42
what are the f block elements?
lanthanide & actinide series
43
what block is He in?
s block
44
what are the components of val. e- configuration?
1. energy level (Principal QN - period)
2. sublevel (angular momentum QN - block)
3. # val. e- --> group (superscript in config.)
45
what is the other name for val. e-?
outer electron
46
what is the val. e- config. for group 1?
ns¹
47
what is the val. e- config. for group 2?
ns²
48
what is the val. e- config. for group 3?
ns²(n-1)d¹
49
what is the val. e- config. for group 4?
ns²(n-1)d²
50
what is the val. e- config. for group 5?
ns²(n-1)d³
51
what is the val. e- config. for group 6?
EXCEPTION: ns¹(n-1)d^5
52
what is the val. e- config. for group 7?
ns²(n-1)d^5
53
what is the val. e- config. for group 8?
ns²(n-1)d^6
54
what is the val. e- config. for group 9?
ns²(n-1)d^7
55
what is the val. e- config. for group 10?
ns²(n-1)d^8
56
what is the val. e- config. for group 11?
ns¹(n-1)d^10
57
what is the val. e- config. for group 12?
ns²(n-1)d^10
58
what is the val. e- config. for group 13?
ns²np¹
59
what is the val. e- config. for group 14?
ns²np²
60
what is the val. e- config. for group 15?
ns²np³
61
what is the val. e- config. for group 16?
ns²np^4
62
what is the val. e- config. for group 17?
ns²np^5
63
what is the val. e- config. for group 18?
ns²np^6
64
what is the correlation between transition elements & their # of val. e-?
group # is same as # val. e-
65
what is the f block val. e- config.?
ns²(n-2)f^#
66
what do groups tell us?
the block the element is in & the # val. e-
67
what is atomic radii?
distance from center of nucleus to edge of e- cloud
68
what is the unit for atomic radii?
picometer
69
what is the atomic radii trend for groups?
increases (down group)
70
why does atomic radii increase down a group?
more e- in e- cloud (expands)
71
what is the atomic radii trend for periods?
decreases (across period, L -> R)
72
why does atomic radii decrease across a group (L -> R)?
nucleus gets larger & pulls e- tighter
73
what is periodicity?
looks at trends on PT & how things "generally" change in group and/or in period (& why)
74
what is ionic radii?
distance from nucleus of ion to edge of e- cloud
75
what is an ion?
a charged particle/(species)
76
what is the group trend for ionic radii?
increases (down group)
77
why does ionic radii increase down a group?
bc energy levels increase (same reason as for atomic radii)
78
what is the period trend for ionic radii?
decreases (across period L->R)
79
why does ionic radii decrease across a period (L->R)?
bc working w/ same energy level but nucleus has more control - pulls e- tighter (same reason as for atomic radii)
80
what is a cation?
a positive ion
81
what type of element is a cation?
metal
82
how are cations formed?
by losing val. e-
83
are cations larger or smaller than the atom that formed them?
smaller bc they lose e-, sublevel, & energy level
84
what does a nucleus in a cation do?
pulls remaining e- closer to it
85
what is an anion?
neg. ion
86
what kind of elements form anions?
nonmetals
87
how are anions formed?
by gaining e-
88
are anions larger or smaller than atom that formed them?
larger bc e- is added to existing energy level & now e- can pull farther from nucleus due to less nuclear control
89
who "holds the power" in an anion?
e- "hold the power" over the nucleus
90
what is ionization energy?
amount of energy in KJ/mol needed to remove 1 e-
91
what is 1st IE?
E required to remove 1 e- from neutral atom of an element in KJ/mol
92
what is 2nd IE?
energy required to remove 2nd e- from neutral atom of an element in KJ/mol that's a larger # than the 1st IE
93
what happens to the amount of E as IEs increase?
the E increases
94
what is the group trend for IE?
decreases (down group)
95
why do IEs decrease down a group?
bc less nuclear control (e- in more energy levels)
96
what is the period trend for IE?
increases (across L->R)
97
why do IEs increase across a period (L->R)?
bc e- are in 1 energy level & nucleus has more control
98
are there little "hiccups" in the IE trends?
yes
99
what is electron affinity (EA)?
amount of E in KJ/mol released when an e- is added to the atom
100
what does a neg. sign mean when dealing with EA?
means E is released (pos. means E is gained)
101
what is the group trend for EA?
decreases (down group)
102
why do EAs decrease down groups?
bc less nuclear control on E level that's farther from nucleus
103
what is the period trend for EAs?
increases (across L->R)
104
why do EAs increase across a group (L->R)?
bc greater nuclear control on E level e- is being added to (same energy level across period)
105
what groups have EAs of 0?
Groups 2, 12, & 18
106
why do groups 2, 12, & 18 have EAs of 0?
bc they're filled sublevels & there's no room for any more e- (cannot add e- into nonexisting sublevels)
107
what sublevel is filled in group 2?
s
108
what sublevel is filled in group 12?
d
109
what sublevel is filled in group 18?
p
110
what other element is an exception to EAs? (has an EA of 0)
nitrogen
111
what is electronegativity?
measuring the ability of an atom to attract e- in a chemical bond
112
who was electronegativity devised by?
Pauli
113
what is the whole electronegativity scale based on?
F (fluorine)
114
what is special about fluorine (in terms of electronegativity)?
it has the highest electronegativity with 4.0
115
what is the group trend for electronegativity?
decreases (down group)
116
why does electronegativity decrease down a group?
bc e- are farther from nucleus in E levels & less nuclear control
117
what is the period trend for electronegativity?
increases (across L->R)
118
why does electronegativity increase across a period (L->R)
bc working on same E level & nucleus grows larger therefore more nuclear control
119
what is the shielding effect?
how much the inner e- are able to block the control of the nucleus on the valence e-
120
what is a good synonym for "shielding" in shielding effect?
"blocking"
121
what is the group trend for shielding effect?
increases (down group)
122
why does shielding effect increase down a group?
bc more e- in more E levels that are blocking control of nucleus
123
what is the period trend for shielding effect?
no change bc same # of inner e-
124
what do ions change to attain?
Noble Gas formation
