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Cytogen > Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 3 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Long outermost region

constant in diameter and contains
the globular (roughly spherical) protein
flagellin arranged in several chains that
intertwine and form a helix around a
hollow core

A

Filament

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2
Q

Arrangement of the Flagella

A

Atrichous
Monotrichous/
Polar
Amphitricous
Lopotrichous
Peritrichous

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3
Q

without flagellum

A

Atrichous

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4
Q

single flagellum at
one end

A

Monotrichous/
Polar

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5
Q

single flagellum at
both ends

A

Amphitricous

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6
Q

tuff or group of
flagella on one
end or both ends

A

Lopotrichous

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7
Q

entire cell surface
covered with
flagella

A

Peritrichous

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8
Q

Ways of Determining Motility in the Lab:

A

 Hanging Drop Method
 Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM)
 Flagellar Staining
 Serologic Test
 Fluorescent Antibody Technique
(FAT)
 Swarming Phenomenon
 Darkfield Microscopy

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9
Q

True motility and Brownian Movement are best observed here

A

Hanging Drop Method

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10
Q

bundles of fibrils that arise at the end of the
cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around
the cell

A

AXIAL FILAMENTS

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11
Q

anchored at one end of the spirochete

A

AXIAL FILAMENTS

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12
Q

→ have a structure similar to that of flagella

A

AXIAL FILAMENTS

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13
Q

rotation of the filaments produces a
movement of the outer sheath that propels the
spirochetes in a spiral motion

A

AXIAL FILAMENTS

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14
Q

movement is similar to the way a corkscrew
move through a cork

A

AXIAL FILAMENTS

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15
Q

group of bacteria that have unique structure
and motility

A

Spirochetes

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16
Q

move by means of axial filaments or
endoflagella

A

Spirochetes

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17
Q

Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

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18
Q

Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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19
Q

motility and DNA transfer

A

PILI

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20
Q

hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend
from the cell membrane into the external
environment; some may be up to 2 μm long

A

PILI

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21
Q

hair-like microfibrils usually produced by
flagellated gram-negative bacteria observable
by electron microscopy

A

PILI

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21
Q

serves as adhesins that help bacteria attach
to animal host cell surfaces, often as the first
step in establishing infection

A

PILI

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22
Q

pili is composed of structural subunits: ____

A

Pilins

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23
Q

Adhesins: _______

A

attachment | tips of pili

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24
Q

a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of
pilin, makes contact with a surface or another
cell, and then retracts (power stroke) as the pilin
subunits are disassembled- grappling hook
model

A

Twitching Motility

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25
Q

results in short, jerky, intermittent movements

A

Twitching Motility

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26
Q

results in short, jerky, intermittent movements
3 examples
1.
2.
3.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria gonorrhea
Some strains of Escherichia coli

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27
Q

Pili (fimbriae) → Pili is ______ than fimbriae

A

longer

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28
Q

play a role in bacterial adherence to surfaces
thus contributing to virulence

A

Common Pili or Ordinary Pili

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29
Q

serves as the conduit for the passage of
DNA from donor to recipient during conjugation

A

Sex Pilus

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30
Q

present only in cells that produce a protein
referred to as the F facto

A

Sex Pilus

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31
Q

F-positive cells initiate conjugation on with F-negative cells, thereby limiting the conjugative
process to cells capable of transporting genetic
material through the hollow _______

A

Sex Pilus

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32
Q

because of ______, DNA is transferred to
another cell (exchanged DNA can add in new
function to the recipient cell)

A

Sex Pilus

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33
Q

Somatic cells
Sex cells

A

EUKARYOTES

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34
Q

Somatic cells: ___ copies of genome | ______

Sex cells: ___ copy of genome | _____

A

2: Diploid
1: Haploid

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35
Q

Macromolecules present:

A

 Carbohydrates
 Lipid
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids

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36
Q

information center

contains most of genes in the cell

A

NUCLEUS

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37
Q

Genes can also be seen in:
Animals:
Plants:

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplast

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38
Q

nucleus is ____ in diameter

A

5 μm

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39
Q

double membrane that encloses the nucleus,
separating its contents from the cytoplasm

each membrane is a lipid bilayer

separated by a space 20-40 cm

A

Nuclear Envelope

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40
Q

intricate protein that lines each pore (nuclear
pore): allows nucleus to communicate with the
cytoplasm

A

Pore Complex

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41
Q

regulates the entry and exit of proteins and
RNAs, as well as large complexes of
macromolecules

A

Pore Complex

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42
Q

protein structure + nuclear pore = _______

A

Pore Complex

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43
Q

netlike array of protein filaments that
maintains the shape of the nucleus by
mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear Lamina

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44
Q

lines the nuclear side of the envelope

maintain structure of nucleus

A

Nuclear Lamina

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45
Q

discrete units of organized DNA that carry
the genetic information

A

Chromosomes

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46
Q

each contains one long DNA molecule
associated with many proteins (help coil the
DNA molecule | histones)

A

Chromosomes

47
Q

complex of DNA and proteins making up
chromosomes

A

Chromatin

48
Q

mass of densely stained granules and fibers
adjoining part of the chromatin

A

Nucleolus

49
Q

_________is synthesized from instructions in the DNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

50
Q

complex made up of ribosomal RNA and
proteins

other sources, ______ came from the
nucleolus

80s | lalabas na 60s at 40s

A

RIBOSOMES

51
Q

suspended in the cytosol

proteins made on free ribosomes function
within the cytoso

A

FREE RIBOSOMES

52
Q

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or
nuclear envelope

A

BOUND RIBOSOMES

53
Q

make proteins that are destined for insertion
membranes, for packaging within certain
organelles such as lysosomes, or for export
from the cell (secretion)

A

BOUND RIBOSOMES

54
Q

60s
→ 3 molecules of
rRNA

40s
→ 1 molecule of
rRN

A

Ribosomes : 80s

55
Q

_____: synthesizes proteins
for mitochondria inly

A

Mitochondrial RNA

56
Q

_____: 10-20 ribosomes joined
together to form a string like arrangement

A

Polyribosome

57
Q

extensive network of membranes that
accounts for more than half the total membrane
in many eukaryotic cells

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

58
Q

consists of a network of membranous
tubules and sacs (cisternae)

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

59
Q

biosynthetic factor

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

60
Q

outer surface lacks ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

61
Q

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of
carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and
poisons, and storage of calcium ions

A

Smooth ER

62
Q

cells that synthesize sex hormones are rich
in ______ (testes and ovary)

A

smooth ER

63
Q

studded with ribosomes on the outer surface

A

Rough ER

64
Q

secrete protein that are produced by
ribosomes

A

Rough ER

65
Q

transport vesicle carries the proteins made by
the ribosomes

A

Rough ER

66
Q

also called the internal lumen

Cisternae

A

Internal Compartment of ER

67
Q

consist of flattened membranous sacs:
cisternae

for shipping and receiving

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

68
Q

has distinct structural directionality

modification of received proteins

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

69
Q

MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS

carbohydrates: ___
lipid: ___

A

Glycoproteins
Lipoprotein

70
Q

means “on the same side”, and usually
located near the ER

transport vesicles move material from the ER
to the Golgi apparatus

receiving from ER

A

Cis

71
Q

means “on the opposite side” that gives rise
to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sites

shipping | palabas

A

Trans

72
Q

______: wala pa Golgi Apparatus
→released from ER

A

Transport Vesicle

73
Q

_______: pagdataing sa Golgi
apparatus

A

Transfer Vesicle

74
Q

_____: aalis sa Golgi apparatus

A

Secretory Vesicle

75
Q

digestive compartment | suicidal bag

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes used
to hydrolyze macromolecules

A

LYSOSOMES

76
Q

phagein: to eat (debris)
kytos: vessel (referring to the cell

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

77
Q

___: to eat (debris)

A

phagein

78
Q

___: vessel (referring to the cell

A

kytos

79
Q

enzymes work best in the acidic environment
found in lysosomes

when lysosomes leaks hydrolytic
enzymes, it becomes inactivated in the
cytoso

enzymes work best in
an acidic environment, when
lysosomes secrete enzymes in the
cytosol, it won’t work because the
cytosol is near neutral pH

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

80
Q

excessive leakage from a large number of
lysosomes can destroy a cell by self-digestion

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

81
Q

lysosomes also use their hydrolytic enzymes
to recycle the cell’s own organic material: AUTHOPAGY

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

82
Q

large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi
apparatus

selective in transporting solutes

A

VACOULES

83
Q

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic
process that uses oxygen to drive the
generation of ATP by extracting energy from
sugars, fats, and other fuels

A

MITOCHONDRIA

84
Q

infoldings of the inner membrane

A

Cristae

85
Q

narrow region between the inner and outer
membranes

A

Intermembrane Space

86
Q

enclosed by the inner membrane

contains many different enzymes as well as
the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

87
Q

for oxidation

specialized metabolic compartment
bounded by a single membrane

A

PEROXISOMES

88
Q

contains enzymes that remove hydrogen
atoms from various substrates and transfer
them to oxygen (O2), producing hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product

use oxygen to break fatty acids down

A

PEROXISOMES

89
Q

detoxify alcohol in the liver and other harmful
compounds

abundant in liver cell and kidney cell

A

PEROXISOMES

90
Q

inborn error of metabolism caused by
absence of peroxisomal enzymes

inability to breakdown fatty acids

accumulation in the brain and spinal cord

A

ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY

91
Q

ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY CURE

A

Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant

92
Q

give mechanical support to the cell and
maintain its shape

provides anchorage for many organelles and
even cytosolic enzyme molecules

involve in some types of cell motility

A

CYTOSKELETON

93
Q

hollow rods constructed from a globular
protein called tubulin

A

MICROTUBULES

94
Q

each tubulin protein is a dimer: ______

A

a-tubulin and
B-tubulin

95
Q

shape and support the cell and also serve as
tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins can move

guide vesicles from ER to the Golgi
apparatus and from the Golgi to the Plasma
Membrane

A

MICROTUBULES

96
Q

involved in the separation of chromosomes
during cell division

form cilia

A

MICROTUBULES

97
Q

region that is often located near the nucleus

these microtubules function as compression

resisting girders of the cytoskeleto

A

CENTROSOME

98
Q

located within the centrosome

composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules

A

CENTRIOLES

99
Q

Specialized arrangement of microtubules is
responsible for the beating of flagella and cilia
microtubule-containing extensions that project
from some cells

A

CILIA and FLAGELLA

100
Q

abnormal cilia

A

Ciliophaty

101
Q

genetic
disorder characterized by vision loss, diabetes,
cognitive impairment and extra toes and fingers
(polydactyl)

A

BARDET BIEDL SYNDROME

102
Q

thin solid rods

built from molecules of actin, a globular
protein

A

MICROFILAMENTS

103
Q

bears tension (pulling force)

three-dimensional network formed by
microfilaments just inside the plasma
membrane hells support the cell’s shape

role in cell motility

A

MICROFILAMENTS

104
Q

contraction of muscles: _________

A

actin and myosin

105
Q

diameter larger than the diameter of
microfilaments but smaller than microtubules

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

106
Q

more permanent fixtures of cells than are
microfilaments and microtubules, which are
often disassembled and reassembled in
various parts of the cell

maintain cell shape and structure

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

107
Q

CELL ENEVELOPE STRUCTURES

__________
→ phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
that envelops the cytoplasm and regulates
transport of macromolecules into and out of the cell

A

Plasma Membrane

108
Q

contains a substantial amount of cholesterol

→ presence of sterols

→ acts as selective barrier (Transport
Mechanism)

A

Plasma Membrane

109
Q

disruption/ anomaly: channelopathy

A

Ion channels

110
Q

Hypersensitive
channels, therefore,
the body becomes in
pain

A

Burning Man
Syndrome

111
Q

Problem in sodium
channels, sodium
channels are stayed
open for too long

A

Paroxismal Extreme
Pain Disorder

112
Q

Abnormal potassium
channels

A

Long QT Syndrome

113
Q

Abnormal chloride
channel [CFTRT
(Cystic Fibrosis
Transmembrane
Conductance
Regulator)]

A

Cystic Fibrosis

114
Q

→ provide rigidity and strength to the exterior of
the cell

→ most eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls

→ fungi have cell walls principally made of
polysaccharides

A

Cell Wall

Cytogen (12 decks)

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