Unit 3 - Global Structure of Chromosomes Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
One complete set of your chromosomes
A
Genome
2
Q
______ sizes can differ among different related organisms
A
Genome
3
Q
One of the smallest viruses that has 4000 nucleotides
A
Macrophage MS2
4
Q
Causative agent of lyme disease
Linear DNA with 910000 nucleotides or 910 kb (kilobase 10^3)
A
Borrelia burgdorferi
5
Q
has 4600 kb
A
Escherichia coli
6
Q
has 13 mb (megabase 10^6)
A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
7
Q
it is the raw material of inheritance and ultimately influences all aspects of the structure and functioning of the human body.
A
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
8
Q
A single molecule of _______, along with associated proteins, comprises a chromosome.
A
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
9
Q
Chromosomes are located in the nuclei of all human cells with the exemption of your mature RBCs
A
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
10
Q
Each human cell contains 23 different pairs of
chromosomes that codes for protein molecules
A
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
11
Q
Functional units of genetic information
A
GENE
12
Q
Linear sequences of nitrogen bases
A
Gene
13
Q
he was the first to provide evidence linking inherited disease and protein, particularly enzymes
A
ARCHIBALD GARROD
14
Q
he discovered of inborn error of metabolism
A
ARCHIBALD GARROD
15
Q
He noted that individuals with inborn error of metabolism lack certain enzymes
A
ARCHIBALD GARROD
16
Q
Swiss physician and biochemist
He isolated the nuclei from WBC
A
FRIEDRICH MEISCHER
17
Q
unusual acidic substance containing nitrogen and
phosphorus
Material that resides in cell nuclei
Also known as nucleic acids
A
NUCLEIN
18
Q
Friedrich Meischer termed it nuclein on ______
A
1871
19
Q
they hypothesized that a nucleic acid might be the “transforming principle”
The DNA passed from type S bacteria to type R bacteria, therefore, type R bacteria have the ability to manufacture its polysaccharide capsule that may cause the infection
A
OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MACLEOD and MACLYN
MCCARTY
20
Q
Lacks homogentisic acid oxidase
A
ALKAPTONURIA
21
Q
Kung wala itong homogentisic acid oxidase, magkakaroon ng accumulation ng homogentisic acid
A
ALKAPTONURIA
22
Q
When homogentisic acid is exposed to _____, your urine will turn into color ______
A
air; black
23
Q
Kapag merong homogentisic acid, it will turn into your _________
A
maleylacetoacetic acid
24
Q
Other inborn errors discovered by Garrod
A
Albinism
Cystinuria
25
He discovered in 1929 a similar sugar— deoxyribose (DNA) —in other nucleic acids.
PHOEBUS LEVENE
26
he identified the 5-carbon sugar ribose (RNA) as part
of some nucleic acids,
PHOEBUS LEVENE
27
he discovered that the three parts of a nucleic acid are present in equal proportions
1. Sugar
2. Nitrogen base
3. Phosphorus group
Ribose and deoxyribose is the major chemical distinction between your DNA and RNA
PHOEBUS LEVENE
28
he noticed that mice with a certain form of pneumonia harbored one of two types of Diplococcus pneumoniae
FREDERICK GRIFFITH
29
Dismantle protein pero namatay pa rin yung daga
PROTEASE
30
Dismantle DNA
prevents the transformation, so nabuhay yung daga
Narealize nila na yung DNA pala ang cause kung bakit nagdedevelop ng pneumonia
DNase
31
two types of diplococcus pneumoniae
Type R
Type S
32
When it is injected sa mice, it will not develop pneumonia
Type R
33
Develop pneumonia
Namatay yung daga as you can see huhu
Merong polysaccharide capsule
Type S
34
ADDITIONAL NOTES IN TYPES OF DIPLOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
* napansin nila na pag heat killed yung bacteria eh
walang nadedevelop na pneumonia pero hindi nila
alam na may naiwang intact DNA
* minix nila yung type R and type S tapos namatay yung
daga, kasi may naiwan pa rin na intact DNA
35
he showed that DNA in several species contains equal amounts of the bases adenine and thymine, and equal amounts of the bases guanine and cytosine
Yung mga may complementary pairs
lang ang equal amount
ERWIN CHARGAFF
36
Nitrogen bases are not present in equal amounts
Chargaff rule
37
they bombarded DNA with X rays using a technique called X-ray diffraction, then deduced the overall structure of the molecule from the patterns in which the X rays were deflected
MAURICE WILKINS & ROSALIND FRANKLIN
38
She distinguished two forms of DNA—a dry, crystalline “A” form, which had been well-studied, and the wetter type seen in cells, the “B” form.
The molecule was a sleek helix, and revealed the
position of the phosphates
ROSALIND FRANKLIN
39
Who showed Rosalind Franklin’s photo 51 to James Watson?
Maurice Wikins
40
Clear image of DNA
Photo 51 (May 1952)
41
Who discovered the structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin,
James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins
42
They received the Nobel prize for the DNA structure discovery
James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins
43
Ginamit nila yung image (photo 51) and yung experiments ni Wilkins and Franklin para magkaroon ng clearer image / structure ng DNA
Deciphered the structure of DNA with the use of series of experiments made by Wilkins and Franklin
JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK
44
He isolated nuclein in white blood cell nuclei
Friedrich Miescher
45
When did Friedrich Miescher isolate nuclein in white blood cell nuclei?
1869
46
He transferred killing ability between types of bacteria
Frederick Griffith
47
When did Frederick Griffith transfer killing ability between types of bacteria?
1928
48
They discovered that DNA transmits killing ability in bacteria
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod & Maclyn McCarty
49
When did Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod & Maclyn McCarty discover that DNA transmits killing ability in bacteria?
1940s
50
They determined that the part of a virus that infects and replicates is its nucleic acid and not its protein
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
51
When did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase determine that the part of a virus that infects and replicates is its nucleic acid and not its protein?
1950
52
They discovered DNA components, proportions and positions
Phoebus Levene, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
53
When did Phoebus Levene. Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin discover DNA components, proportions and positions?
1909-early 1950s
54
They elucidated DNA's three-dimensional structure
James Watson and Francis Crick
55
When did James Watson and Francos Crick elucidate DNA's three-dimensional structure?
1953
56
He had his genome sequenced
James Watson
57
James Watson had his genome sequenced. What year?
2008
58
A single building block of DNA.
NUCLEOTIDE
59
Composition of nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen bases
60
phosphorous atom bonded with 4 oxygen
atoms
Phosphate group
61
purines and pyrimidines
Nitrogen bases
62
Adenine and Guanine; it has 2 rings structure
Purines
63
Thymine and Cytosine; single ring structure
Pyrimidines
64
the information-containing parts of DNA because they form sequences.
Nitrogen bases
65
Genetic information is determined by the order of bases
Nitrogen bases
66
Nucleotides join into long chains when chemical bonds form between the deoxyribose sugars and the phosphates
Sugar-phosphate backbone
67
The opposing orientation of the two nucleotide chains in a DNA molecule is called
Two chains of nucleotides align head-to-toe.
antiparallelism
68
One chain/ one strand of the double helix runs from 5’ or “5 prime” to 3’ or “3 prime” and the other chain runs from 3’ to 5’
It will be evident if we indicate numbers.
Arise from the orientation of the deoxyribose sugars
antiparallelism
69
Dotted lines that hold the nitrogenous bases of one strand to the nitrogenous bases of the second strand.
Nitrogenous bases are bonded with _______
Hydrogen bonds
70
DNA forms a double helix when the antiparallel, base paired strands twist about one another in a regular fashion.
The DNA in a single diploid cell or single human diploid cell, stretched out, would be approximately 2 meters in length.
- It needs to be condensed so that it will fit on the nucleus
- With the use of proteins like histones, macocondense natin siya.
DNA ORGANIZATION
71
DNA coils around proteins called _______, forming a beads-on-a-string-like structure
HISTONES
72
Types of Histones (8)
2 molecules of H2A
2 molecules of H2B
2 molecules of H3
2 molecules of H4
73
8 histones will form protein core that is also known as _______
-The double-helix DNA winds twice around this _______ to form a 10 nanometer nucleosome/ beads-on-a string-like structure
OCTAMER
74
The bead part is called a ________
It is linked/ pulled together by a linker segment
- Linker segment- histone H1
DNA ---> coiling of DNA ---> Proteins (histones) will form nucleosome ----> nucleosome with further coiling will form 30 nm solenoid with further coiling and condensation of solenoid it will form highly compacted chromosome
- Chromosome reaches greatest extent of
condensation that will occur during
mitotic metaphase
NUCLEOSOME
75
The chromosome substance is called ______,
which means “colored body”
CHROMATIN
76
COMPOSITION OF HISTONES
Aralin niyo yung table HAHAHA
77
TYPES OF DNA
Unique sequence DNA
Highly repetitive DNA
Middle repetitive DNA
78
It contains single copy
Examples are genes that owed for protein
Most common type of DNA
It composes 75% of the human genome
Unique sequence DNA
79
Occur for more than 105 copies
Seen in telomeres
Highly repetitive DNA
80
102 to 104 copies
Seen in centromeres
Middle repetitive DNA
81
DIFFERENT AREAS OF CHROMOSOMES
CENTROMERES
TELOMERES
NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZER REGIONS (NOR)
CHROMATIN
EUCHROMATIN
HETEROCHROMATIN
82
constriction visible on metaphase chromosomes where the two sister chromatids are joined together.
Site of chromosomes
Attachment portion/ point/ site for spindle microtubules during cell division
Interaction with the mitotic spindle during cell division occurs at the this region
CENTROMERES
83
protein complex in
centromeres
Kinetochore
84
Types of Centromeres
Metacentric
Acrocentric
Submetacentric
Acentric
Dicentric
85
Near one end
Acrocentric
86
The centromere is located near the middle
Metacentric
87
Between the middle and end
Submetacentric
88
Lacks centromere
Acentric
89
Two centromere
Dicentric
90
physical ends of chromosomes
protective caps to chromosome ends
Telomeres
91
prevent and end fusion of chromosomes
Prevent DNA degradation
Telomeres
92
contain tandem repeats of the nitrogenous base sequence TTA GGG at the chromosome ends
Maraming G - it is sometimes called G rich tail
Telomeres
93
Telomere length gradually _______ with the aging process and with ________ numbers of cell divisions in culture
decreases; increased
94
decreased length of telomeres are caused of the _________________
Tumor suppressors mechanism
95
Cells that have defective or unstable telomerase will exhibit ___________ of chromosome that will lead to ___________________
shortening; chromosome instability and cell death
96
It is where the nucleolar form
Site of the ribosomal RNA genes
Production of rRNA
Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NOR)
97
Chromatin COMPOSITION
30% of histone proteins
30% of DNA binding proteins
30% of DNA
10% of RNA
98
loosely organized, extended, and uncoiled.
Active chromatin
contains active, early replicating genes, and stains lightly with GTG banding techniques
Euchromatin
99
GTG banding techniques
GTG banding by Giemsa with Trypsin
100
Genetically inactive, late replicating during the synthesis (S) phase of mitosis, and are highly contracted.
Heterochromatin
101
Types of Heterochromatin
CONSTITUTIVE Heterochromatin
FACULTATIVE Heterochromatin
102
Consists of simple repeats of nitrogenous bases that are generally located around the centromeres of all chromosomes and at the distal end of the Y chromosome.
Constitutive Heterochromatin
103
Constantly inactive
The only established function of _____ is the regulation of crossing over.
Constitutive Heterochromatin
104
important in cell division, exchange of gene from one’s chromatids to another
Crossing over
105
Regulates gene function
Silently inactive;
SILENCED
Facultative Heterochromatin
106
One X chromosome of female is randomly inactivated
This inactivated X chromosome is condensed in interphase and replicates during S-phase
Facultative Heterochromatin
