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Grade 12 Families in Canada > Unit 2; Theories > Flashcards

Unit 2; Theories Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nature theory say about basic personality traits

A

they are inherited

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2
Q

What does the nature theory say about intelligence

A

it is inherited

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3
Q

What does the nature theory say about characteristics

A

they are inherited

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4
Q

Does the nature theory look at genes as factors

A

Absolutely

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5
Q

What does the nurture theory say

A

That the environment that people grow up in influence who they are

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6
Q

What does the nurture theory state

A

Personalities are learned through interaction Can be created through a “self-fulfuilling prophecy” Values/beliefs and temperament a result of one’s environment “Enculturation” also plays a role

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7
Q

What is enculturation

A

the gradual acquisition of the culture/characteristics/norms by another person or group

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8
Q

What is the nature vs nurture theory

A

The two opposing sides– Nature– everything is inherited Nurture– Everything about the person is influenced by the environment they grow up in

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9
Q

What does the combination of both nature vs nurture theories state

A

That there is genetic predisposition So– some people have a natural “gift” but can’t ever explore it because of the environment they grew up in Most scientists believe this

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10
Q

What is functionalism also known as

A

Structural Functionalism

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11
Q

What is the definition of functionalism

A

the sociological theory that attempt to explain how society is organized to preform its required functions effectively

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12
Q

Is functionalism a sociological or psychological theory

A

sociological

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13
Q

Which they do anthropologists us

A

functionalism

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14
Q

What are institutes

A

Law, political system, family… basically something that people work together to achieve something

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15
Q

What does the functionalist theory assume about stable structures

A

societies are stable when structures function in ways that benefit society

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16
Q

In the functionalist theory, it focuses on what

A

how structures function in society

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17
Q

Does change happen slowly or quickly according to functionalist

A

slowly

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18
Q

What is status (functionalist theory)

A

a specific position within a social group. E.g. you are a student

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19
Q

define role (functionalist theory)

A

the set of behaviours that an individual is expected to demonstrate within a status.

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20
Q

give an example of a role

A

E.g students are expected to go to school, ask questions, complete assignments

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21
Q

According to functionalists, societies run smoother when….

A

people act according to their role

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22
Q

What do people learn through the process of socialization

A

Individuals learn appropriate behaviour for the many roles they will play in society

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23
Q

Define norm (in functionalist theory)

A

the most prevalent behaviours (hoe people normally behave)

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24
Q

What is the term used when something is not the norm

A

abnormal

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25
Q

give an example of the norm and abnormal

A

when man and woman works, it is the norm. When a man is a stay-at-home dad, that is abnormal

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26
Q

What is the problem with the functionalist theory

A

tendency for functionalists to go beyond explaining how a society is organized to prescribing how individuals within a society should behave

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27
Q

What is the definition of the systems theory

A

Sociological theory that attempts to explain how groups of individuals interact as a system A set of different parts that work together and influence on another in a relatively stable way over time

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28
Q

Is the systems theory a sociological or psychological theory

A

sociological

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29
Q

Which theory explains the behaviour of individuals inseparable from a group

A

systems theory

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30
Q

What is the limitation to the systems theory

A

can be difficult to determine how others within the family are influencing an individual’s behaviour

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31
Q

How does the systems theory apply to they examination of family process

A

A basic concept is the family systems have a complex organization—basically, although it is not simple, it is not chaotic

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32
Q

What is the basically principle of the systems theory

A

Feedback

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33
Q

what is feedback

A

a process by which the system informs its members how to interact to maintain the stability of the system

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34
Q

Why is it difficult to trace the origins of influence, or to describe the organization of the family

A

Because feedback implies give and take, the individuals within the system influence one another in a reciprocal way, making it difficult to trace the origins of influence or to describe the organization of the family

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35
Q

Why do families have a stable size (systems theory)

A

because members can only be added to them by birth, or adoption, cohabitation or marriage and leave only by death

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36
Q

Do some theorists believe that people have influence even after they leave? (systems theory)

A

yes– live in the case of divorce

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37
Q

The larger family system has…

A

subsystems

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38
Q

Give an example of subsystems

A

The wait staff, kitchen staff, management

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39
Q

What are the 3 types of subsystems

A

the family unit subsystem the interpersonal subsystem the personal subsystem

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40
Q

Explain who the family unit subsystem applies to

A

the members sharing a household

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41
Q

who does the interpersonal subsystem apply to

A

between individuals, such as a husband-wife or mother-son

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42
Q

who does the personal subsystem apply to

A

comprised of interaction between the individual as self and as a member of the family

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43
Q

Family systems develop strategies for?

A

achieving the goals and functions of individuals/family and for interacting with the external society

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44
Q

Define strategies (systems theory)

A

patterns of interactions that are repeated; aka meaningful habits

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45
Q

Who is responsible for patterns of behaviour (systems theory)

A

all members

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46
Q

give an example of the systems theory

A

people who continually argue about chores are responsible for the habit. and when a wife and mother returns to work after having a child, new strategies for doing housework will evolve as her husband and child take on some chores

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47
Q

What is the symbolic interactionism theory sometimes called

A

mirror theory

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48
Q

Define the symbolic interactionism theory

A

psychological theory that attempt to explain how individuals choose how they will act based on their perceptions of themselves and of others

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49
Q

is the symbolic interactionism theory a psychological or sociological one

A

psychological

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50
Q

What is the basic definition the symbolic interactionism theory

A

“I’m not what I think I am, I’m not what you think I am, I’m what I think you think I am”

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51
Q

What is a great example of symbolic interactionism

A

peer pressure

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52
Q

Only after the mental process of what, do people act

A

the mental process of “giving meaning”

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53
Q

Give an example of “giving meaning”

A

if someone puts their hand on your shoulder, you will interpret and determine what that means before you act

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54
Q

What are the 3 basic concepts of the symbolic interactionism theory

A

Individual develops a self that has 2 parts People must also “take the attitude of the other” People can only interact effectively if they can communicate using a common language (shared symbols)

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55
Q

What does it mean by Individual develops a self that has 2 parts

A

the “me” which consists of objective qualities (tall, female, student) and the “I” which is subjective awareness of self (good student, shy, lonely— the “I” is based on other peoples interpretation`

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56
Q

What des it mean by People must also “take the attitude of the other”

A

to anticipate what the other person will do and decide how they should respond.

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57
Q

George Mead believed what about human interaction?

A

that this role-taking is the basis for human interaction

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58
Q

What does it mean by; People can only interact effectively if they can communicate using a common language (shared symbols)

A

language is how people interpret and give meanings to their experiences of self and others in order to interact in relationships

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59
Q

What so the limitation to the symbolic interactionism theory

A

the possibility that because the researcher perceives and interprets the actions of the individuals during the observation, the observations could be influenced by the researcher’s self-image and beliefs and could, therefore, be inaccurate

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60
Q

Give an example of the symbolic interactionism theory

A

because men and women might interpret situations differently and use different language to express their ideas, misunderstandings can result

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61
Q

define social exchange theory

A

phycological theory that explains the social factors that influence how individuals interact within reciprocal relationships

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62
Q

is the social exchange theory psychological or sociological

A

psychological

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63
Q

Define reciprocal relationships

A

A mutual or cooperative interchange of favors or privileges, especially the exchange of rights or privileges of trade between nations

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64
Q

What is the basic definition of social exchange theory

A

Weighing the pros and cons of a relationship

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65
Q

What are role expectations (social exchange theory)

A

Actions that people are expected to act within

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66
Q

Are people constrained in role expectations

A

yes

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67
Q

even though people are constrained in role expectations; how do they act

A

they act within each role to maximize the benefits they will receive and to minimize the costs to themselves

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68
Q

The social exchange theory borrows from what other theory

A

symbolic interactionism

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69
Q

Are the costs and benefits in social exchange theory different for everyone?

A

yes– individuals interpret their experiences of self and others to determine the benefits and costs , therefore the benefits and costs of a relationship are not facts, but are perceptions formed by each individuals

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70
Q

What can the social exchange theory be used to explain

A

the choice of marriage partners

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71
Q

give an example of the social exchange theory

A

princess Diana offered to the royal family; youth, fertility, and beauty that would ensure healthy and attractive heir. Charles offered; wealth, luxurious lifestyle and royalty. The marriage was successful in that it produced heirs, however her was unwilling to end relationship with mistress, and Diana couldn’t stand the restrictions places on her by the royal family. So the cost of the relationship was greater than the rewards.

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72
Q

When is the relationships proffered in social exchange theory

A

when the benefits outweigh the cost

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73
Q

wha ar the limitations to the social exchange theory

A

some people could be offered by the cost and benefit analysis

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74
Q

Give example of normative events

A

going to school, sleeping, eating

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75
Q

Give examples of non-normative events

A

miscarriage, killing someone

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76
Q

What is behaviourism

A

Central to this theory is the belief that all behaviour is the product of our conditioning, and that metal processes (thoughts, feelings and intentions) are unnecessary in the purpose of psychological research

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77
Q

What do theorists of behaviourist think about studying humans

A

human behaviour should be studied objectively (the same way rat and monkey are studied)

78
Q

What do scientists of behaviourism think studies will lead to

A

think that studies would lead to predictable and controlled behaviour

79
Q

What scientist is most famously associated with behaviourism

A

Skinner

80
Q

What did skinner believe

A

believed that all present behaviour could be explained by past history, current situation and genetics

81
Q

What criticism is there about behaviourism

A

the focus on the theory’s neglect of human feelings and consciousness

82
Q

In the context of behaviourism, what is reward vs punishment

A

Humans want to be rewarded and not punished, so they will make choices to be rewarded

83
Q

give an example of behaviourist thinking

A

Why do you not wear certain clothes? Because others may not like it, and you don’t want to be made fun of

84
Q

Skinner is one of the leading figures in what?

A

operant conditioning

85
Q

What did sinner invent

A

the skinner box

86
Q

how did skinner view all of the learnings

A

as proceeding along behaviourist lines through the schedule of rewards and punishment

87
Q

skinner propounded what kind of philosophy

A

he propounded a social philosophy predicted upon rewarding socially “acceptable” behaviour and punishing socially “unacceptable” behaviour

88
Q

What is the skinner box

A

a means of gathering a lot of data about the learning behaviour of rats and pigeons in as short amount of time as possible

89
Q

Who is Iva Pavlov and what is he known for

A

most famous and famous psychologist for discovery of “conditioned reflex”

90
Q

What animal did pavlov work with

A

dogs

91
Q

What did pavlov discover about dogs

A

found that dogs would sometimes secrete saliva at the presentation of food, or when a bell was rung to alert them to the fact that food would soon be arriving

92
Q

What did pavlov attribute the digs reactions to

A

psychic causes (mental causes)

93
Q

Do both skinner and pavlov agree?

A

both theorists say that everything we do it to get a reward and avoid a punishment

94
Q

Is pavlov a behaviourist

A

yes

95
Q

What is humanism (humanistic psychology)

A

A reaction to the dominant schools of psychodynamics and behaviourism

96
Q

The founders of humanism aimed to deal with what

A

concerns which they felt test other schools of psychology ignored unjustly

97
Q

give an example of humanism

A

example— peoples conscious experience (their capacity for personal agency) and the fact that each person is a whole

98
Q

what are the two main terms associated wit humanism

A

Existentialism and authenticity

99
Q

What is existentialism

A

european philosophy– emphasizing free will and responsibility of the individual, mainly atheistic, acknowledges the constraints put on us in terms of morality, by society and culture and religion and accepting them, but wanted to break them

100
Q

What is authenticity

A

accepting responsibility for the choices that you make.

101
Q

What is inauthenticity

A

Acts of inauthenticity would include letting others, or “fate”, make your decisions or sticking blind to some sort of ideology , religion or conventional behaviour-pattern

102
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

this theory conjoins behaviourism and humanism

103
Q

What are B-values

A

what all people have, people must overcome the unconscious instinctual impulses

104
Q

What are the needs (order from highest to lowest)

A

self- actualization, esteem (ego needs), social needs, safety (security needs), physiological (body needs)

105
Q

What is self-actualization

A

fulfilment

106
Q

What is esteem (aka ego needs)

A

pride, sense of accomplishment, purpose, people at this level call it a vocation or calling in the old

107
Q

What is social needs (aka love and belonging)

A

family, peers, acceptance

108
Q

What is safety (aka security needs)

A

shelter and protection

109
Q

What is physiological (aka body needs)

A

hunger, thirst, sex, warmth

110
Q

How do you get from one hierarchy level to the next

A

You may only move to the next level, if you complete the one before it (starting at the very bottom)

111
Q

What are the two theories that directly oppose each other

A

Nurture v Nature and Behaviourist v Humanism

112
Q

What is the freudian slip

A

and error in slip, memory or physical action

113
Q

What does a freudian slip mean according to theorists

A

interpreted as occurring due to the interference if some unconscious (“dynamically repressed”) wish, conflict or train of thought

114
Q

In modern use, what is the freudian slip used for

A

explaining slips of tongue

115
Q

where can freudian slips be found

A

`They can be found in high level psychological analysis or you everyday sitcom

116
Q

What is the topographic model?

A

Iceberg model that describes the different levels of consciousness

117
Q

Freud believes that most of what drives us is buried _______

A

buried in our unconscious (such as many beliefs, feelings, and impulses)

118
Q

Things in the unconscious levels are _______

A

repressed

119
Q

What is this picture/diagram of

A

Freud’s Topographic model

120
Q

What are the different levels of the consiousness

A

Consious, preconsious, unconsious

121
Q

what is included in the consious

A

thoughts and perceptions

122
Q

what is included on the preconsous level

A

memories and stored knowledge (the name of your fist dog, etc)

123
Q

What is included on the unconcious level

A

Fears, violent motives, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unnacceptable sexual desires

124
Q

What is Freuds structural model

A

basically explains our personality sections

125
Q

What is included in freud’s structural model

A

Id, ego, superego

126
Q

when does a person develop their id

A

they are born with it

127
Q

what is the id

A

Based on our pleasure principle— whatever the id needs to feel good at the time

128
Q

why id the id an important part of out personality as a newborn

A

bc important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met– hungry= cry, wants attention=cry

129
Q

does the id have any care about reality

A

no

130
Q

what is the second development of a persons personality

A

the ego

131
Q

when does the ego develop

A

within the 3 years, as the child intercats with the world more

132
Q

is the ego based on reality

A

yes

133
Q

what does the ego understand

A

ego understands that other people have needs and desires, and that being impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the long run

134
Q

what is the ego’s job

A

ego’s job to meet needs of id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation

135
Q

what is developed in the final stage of personality development

A

the super ego

136
Q

when does a person develop the super ego

A

by the age of 5

137
Q

what is the superego

A

is the moral part of us and develops due to moral and ethical retains placed on us by caregivers

138
Q

why do people equate our superego with the concious

A

people equate the superego with the conscious as it dictates our belief of right and wrong

139
Q

in a healthy person, which of the personality sections is the stringest (of the id, ego, superego)

A

according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, and to upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation

140
Q

what happens if the id gets too strong

A

impulses and self gratification take over the person’s life

141
Q

what happens if the superego gets too strong

A

the person would be driven by ridged morals, would be judgemental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world

142
Q

what is freud’s stages of psychosexual development

A

stanges that explain the development peole go through and trys to explain sexual outcomes they have as adults

143
Q

how are certain fantasies, personality traits and charateristics explaines through freud’s stages psychosexual development

A

During each stage, an unsuccessful completion means that a child becomes fixated on that particular erogenous one and either over—or under— indulges once he or she becomes and adult

144
Q

what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development

A

oral stage, anal stage, Phallic Stage, Latency Stage, gential stage

145
Q

what ages is the oral stage

A

birth-18 months

146
Q

what is the childs focus during the oral stage

A

oral pleasure (sucking)

147
Q

too little, or too much gratification during the oral stage can result in what

A

oral fixations or oral personality

148
Q

people with an oral fixation have what characteristics

A

may have stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, over eat, or bite their nails

149
Q

what is included in an oral personality

A

these people may become too dependant on others, gullible and perpetual followers

on the other hand, they may also fight these urges and develop pessimism and aggression towards other

150
Q

what age does the anal stage occur at

A

18 moths- 3 years

151
Q

what is the childs focus of pleasure during the anal stage

A

child’s focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating and retaining feces– through societal pressures (mainly the parents) the child has to learn to control and stimulate

152
Q

In an anal fixation person, what might their personalty be

A

can result in a obsession with cleanliness, perfection and control (anal retentive)

on the opposite end of the spectrum, they may become messy and disorganized (anal expulsive)

153
Q

when does the phallic stage occur

A

age 3-6

154
Q

what is the pleasure zone during the phallic stage

A

genitals

155
Q

what does the boy develop in the phallic stage

A

Boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother

because of this, he becomes rivals with his father and sees him as competition for mother affection

156
Q

during the stage of phallic, why does the boy supress his sexual desires

A

boys also develop a feat that their father will punish them for these feelings, such as by castrating them

157
Q

what is a boy’s sexual desire for his mother calles

A

Oediplex Complex

158
Q
A
159
Q

During the phallic stage, what did Freud think about girls in the stage

A

he didnt, infact, he did not think they had any oppressed sexual desires for their father

160
Q

what is the Electra Complex

A

developed by ore modern psychoanalysts– where the daughter has sexua desires for their father

161
Q

why do boys eventually identify, rather than fight, with their fathers

A

According to Freud, out of fear of castration and due to the strong competition of his father, boys will eventually decide to identify with him rather than fight him

162
Q

by identifying with his father, the boy does what

A

the boy develops masculine characteristics and identifies as a male and repressed his sexual deviancies (both overindulging and avoidance) and weak or confused sexual identity according to psychoanalyst

163
Q

when does the latency stage occuer

A

6-puberty

164
Q

what happens during the latency stage

A

it is during this stage that sexual urges remain repress and children interact and play mostly with the same sex peers

165
Q

when does the genital stage occur

A

puberty– on

166
Q

what happens during th puberty stage

A

the final stage begins at the start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened

through the lessons learned during the previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers, with the primary focus of pleasure is the genitals

167
Q

where is the primary pleasure focus in the genital stage

A

the genitals

168
Q

what is the conflict theory

A

the interdisciplinary sociological political theory that explains how power, not functional interdependence, holds society together

169
Q

what does the conflic theory say that conflict causes

A

inequaloties in power

170
Q

what does the conflict theory assume about competing and needs

A

assumes that people compete with others to meet their needs

if they are in competition, the needs of all will not be met equally

171
Q

what can competition result in

A

this competition can result in exploitation by individuals in the group with greater power over others from a group with lesser power

172
Q

what theory did karl marx beleive in

A

the conflict theory

173
Q

what did karl marx believe

A

believed that the people who were wealthy and owned business and corporations, worked to make themselves wealthier and the poor, poorer. He believed that inequalities should, and could be eliminated

174
Q

what did Friedrich Engels believe

A

believed that the gap/division between the sexes needed to be maintained in order for capitalism to continue

175
Q

what theory did Friedrich Engels believe in

A

the conflic theory

176
Q

how many stages does Piaget have in his developmental theory

A

4

177
Q

what is the first stage of piagets developmental theory

A

sensori-motor stage

178
Q

when does the sensori-motor stage happen

A

age birth-2

179
Q

what happens during the sensori-motor stage

A

child learns to master its movements and understand its physical impact on the immediate surroundings

180
Q

What is the second stage of Piaget’s developmental theory

A

The Pre-Operational Stage

181
Q

when does the The Pre-Operational Stage occure

A

2-7 years

182
Q

what heppens during the pre-operational stage

A

child starts to organize mental representations (think is signs and symbols) although mental operations are not yet reversible

183
Q

what are typical features during the pre-operatonal stage

A

child starts to organize mental representations (think is signs and symbols) although mental operations are not yet reversible

184
Q

what is stage 3 of piaget’s developmental theory

A

The Concrete Operational Stage

185
Q

when does the The Concrete Operational Stage occur

A

age 7-11 years

186
Q

what happens during the concrete operatonal stage

A

previous stage prepared for this

ability to mentally represent actions and concepts and to logically consider them

a way of determining cognition of child during this stage is to invite the child to preform the conservation task and ask the child to give a logical explanation to the results of the task, something that Piaget stated was true sign of understanding

he also placed much value on child’s mathematical abilities due to the relationship between numbers and reversibility or mathematical operations

187
Q

what is stage 4 of piaget’s developmental stages

A

The Formal Operational Stage

188
Q

when does the The Formal Operational Stage happen

A

11-15 years

189
Q

what happens in the The Formal Operational Stage

A

istinguished in child’s ability to relate to ideas

child learns to create possibilities from hypotheses

actual process of observing and deducing from possibilities available

Piaget didn’t believe that everyone fills criteria for complete formal reasoning, buts its recognized that some people may develop complete understanding of a particular area (such as mechanics or math) depending on their vocational on interests

also the social cognition and the understanding of the self develops as the social takes on a more personal value

190
Q
A

Grade 12 Families in Canada (6 decks)

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