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XBI11 > Unit 2 Topic 4B Classification > Flashcards

Unit 2 Topic 4B Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Define morphology

A

Study of form and structure of organism
- provides evidence for classification

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2
Q

Define comparative anatomy

A

Study of structural similarties and differences in anatomy of different organisms

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3
Q

What is analogous features

A
  • Features with similar look & functions but not from same biological origin
  • Species do not share recent common ancestor, but evolved to become more similar ie. same habitat but develop to adapt to habitat
  • Ie. Eyes of squids and mammals/ Wings of birds and butterflies -> similar looks and functions
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4
Q

What is homologous features

A
  • Features with similar structure but different look/ function/ species
  • Species evolved from a common ancestor
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5
Q

Define Comparative embryology

A

Study of structural similarities & differences in embryo development of different organisms

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6
Q

Define taxonomy

A

Science of describing, classifying and naming living organisms

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7
Q

What features do living organisms have

A
  1. movement
  2. respiration
  3. sensitivity
  4. growth
  5. reproduction
  6. excretion
  7. nutrition

mrs gren

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8
Q

Define classification

A

Means of organising the variety of life based on relationship between organisms using differences & similarities in phenotypes & in genotypes.

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9
Q

How are organisms classified

A
  • Organisms sorted progressively into similar groups with increasing similarities
  • Organisms classified at different taxonomy ranks
  • Organisms grouped to represent their ancestral/ evolutionary/ phylogenetic relationship
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10
Q

From domain to species

A

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

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11
Q

What are the three domains of life

A
  1. archaea
  2. bacteria
  3. eukaryota
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12
Q

What are the six kingdoms?

A
  1. kingdom eubacteria
  2. kingdom archaebacteria
  3. kingdom protista
  4. kingdom fungi
  5. kingdom plantae
  6. kingdom animalia
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13
Q

General discription of kingdom eubacteria

A
  • unicellular prokaryotic cells with no nucleus
  • normally reproduce asexually
  • have a cell wall (peptidoglycan cell wall)
  • includes cyanobacteria and true bacteria
  • exists in air / soil / inside organism
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14
Q

Description of kingdom archaebacteria

A
  • unicellular prokaryotic cells with no nucleus
  • normally reproduce asexually
  • have a cell wall
  • exists in extreme conditions of heat, cold, pH, salinity and pressure

extras
- ancient bacteria, thought to be early relatives of eukaryotes
- different chemical composition of cell wall and membrane

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15
Q

Description of kingdom protista

A
  • multicellular / unicellular eukaryotic
  • mainly reproduce asexually
  • can have / absence of cell wall, nuclear membrane, chloroplast
  • usually live in aquatic environment
  • microscopic eukaryotic organisms that do not belong to the other three eukaryotic kingdoms
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16
Q

Description of kingdom fungi

A
  • multicellular / unicellular eukaryotic
  • reproduce asexually by spores (disperse on the ground), some sexually (bread mould)
  • have cell wall, nuclear membrane
  • non-cellular cell walls but have chitin
  • heterotrophs, mostly saprotrophs
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17
Q

What is saprotrophs

A
  • Obtain energy and carbon by digesting dead/ decaying matter ie. leaves, feathers extracellularly
  • Some are parasites
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18
Q

What is true bacteria

A

can be pathogenic / some are useful in digestive system / recycling nutrients in the environment

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19
Q

Description of kingdom plantae

A
  • multicellular eukaryotic
  • can reproduce bot hasexually and sexually
  • have cell wall, nuclear membrane, chloroplast, root /ste/leaves
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20
Q

What are autotrophs

A
  • synthesise their organic compounds and molecules for energy and building biomass from inorganic compounds by photosynthesis
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21
Q

What kingdom does mushroom belong to? What are their features?

A

Kingdom fungi
- found on the groud such that they can return nutrients to the soil (saprotrophs)

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22
Q

What kingdom does moss belong to

A

kingdom plantae
- very small, no vascular tissue, receive H2O and nutrients through environment
- no need for tranport system

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23
Q

Features of kingdom animalia

A
  • multicellular eukaryotic
  • most reproduce sexually but some reproduce asexually
  • have nuclear membrane
24
Q

Key features of animal cells

A
  • no cell walls
  • small temporary vacuoles (lysosomes)
  • able to differentiate into many specialised cell types that can form tissues and organs
25
Key features of plant cells
- all have cellulose cell walls - all have large permanent vacuoles (provide structual support) - able to differentiate into specialised cells froming tissues / organs - some have chloroplasts with chlorophyll tha tenable photosynthesis
26
Are virus living organism
- can only be seen under electron microscope - do not show all 7 characteristics of living organisms (only reproduce inside living cells of other organisms) - do not possess full cell structures (cell membrane, nuclear, cytoplasm)
27
Define species
- a groupdo fogranisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring
28
What are the five species model
1. morphological 2. reproductive / biological 3. ecological 4. mate-recognition 5. genetic species
29
Definition of morphological of species
group of organisms with similar inner and outer morpholoogy / appearance
30
Evaluation of the morphological species model
- appearance may be similar but species could be **very different in their evolutionary relationship** - sexual dimorphism: **appearance of females is very different from male** of the same species, which could cause them to be confused as different species
31
Definition of the reproductive / biological species model **(important, must memorise)**
a group or organisms that are capable of interbreeding / mating to produce fertile offspring, thus allowing genes to flow between individuals
32
Disadvantage of the reproductive / biological species model
- organisms in a species **do not live in the same area** to interbreed - less helpful in classifying **plants** (frequently **crossbeed / cross-pollinate** with similar species to produce fertile ybrid offspring) - very difficult to get evidence: breeding experiments can be **time-consuming, expensive** - many organisms **do not produce sexually** - fossil organisms cannot reproduce to provide evidence for classification
33
Advantages of the reproductive / biological species model
- overcome issues like sexual dimorphism - animals like horses and donkeys can produce mule, but is infertile, genes cannot flow from horses and donkey to next generation
34
Definition of ecological species model
- gropu of organisms that occupy the same ecological niche
35
What is ecological niche
the role or position occupied by a particular species in its ecosystem
36
Definition of mate-recognition species model
- group of organisms that share common mate recognition methods and fertilisation systems
37
Evaluation of mate-recognition species model
- some species mate with or cross pollinate other species - may even produce fertile offspring but are still different species
38
Definition of genetic species species model
- a group of organisms with high similarities with genotypes
39
What are the evaluations for genetic species species model
- need to decide how many genetic difference is needed for two organisms **to be classified as two different species** - **difficult and expensive** to collect DNA, high tech equipment is needed to analyse DNA - many regions that can be analyse (DNA in nucleus / mitochondria?) - **fossil organisms** usually do not have accessible DNA to provide evidence for classification
40
What is DNA sequencing
process which the bas sequence of all of part of the genome of an organism is worked out - leads to DNA profiling - patterns are unique to individuals , similarity can be used to identify relationships between individuals and species
41
What is DNA profiling
process which the non-coding areas of DNA are analysed to identify patterns
42
What do bioinformatics allow scientists to do
1. use the informatin geenrated in DBA sequencing and profiling 2. to identify species and the relationship between them
43
What is gel electrophoresis
- using chromatography in separating DNA and RNA fragments, proteins amino acids according to their size - banding patterns can be produced can be used to determine both the species it belongs to / evolutionary link with other organism - more common bands - closer evolutionary relation
44
length of DNA and its charge
longer = more base pairs = more negative charges shorter = less base pairs = less negative charge dna negatively chared bc of phosphate groups
45
is the nucleus enclosed by a double membrane for the three domains?
bacteria: no archaea: no eukaryota: yes
46
Are there membrane-enclosed organelles in the three domains
bacteria: no archaea: no eukaryota: yes
47
Is peptidoglycan present in the cell wall in the three domains
bacteria: yes archaea: no eukaryota: no
48
arrangement of membrane lipids in the three domains
bacteria: ester-linked, unbranched archaea: branched (provide extra strength in extreme environments) eukaryota: unbranched
49
Appearance chromosome in the three domains
bacteria: circular archaea: cirular eukaryota: linear (except for cirular chromosomes in mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA
50
Ribosomes in the three domains
bacteria: 70S archaea: 70S eukaryota: 80S
51
How do we use blood pigment to determine relationship
vertebrates / many invertebrates: haemoglobin polychaete worms: chlorocruorin molluscs / crustacceans: haemocyanin
52
(past paper) Describ the information the scientists would have used to classify M. smithii into the Archaea domain. (2)
- presence of peptidoglycan cell wall / circular chromosomes / dna associated with histones / 70s ribosomes / RNA polymerase - absence of nucleus / membrane bound organelles
53
(past paper) Explain how the scientists could confirm that M. smithii and M. oralis are different species of Archaea. (3)
- analysis of molecular evidence (1) - to identify similarities and differences in biological molecules / comparison of biological molecules (1) - analysis of phenotype (1) - to identify similarities and differences between the two microorganisms (phenotype) (1)
54
(past paper) Give one example of the molecular evidence used to support the three-domain system (1)
- analysis of DNA / RNA / proteins / amino acid sequences / enzymes /ribosomes / membrane components / cell wall components
55
(past paper) Describe the role of scientific community in evaluating the evidence for this system of classification (2)
- peer review - repetition of experiments (by other scientists to see if same data are collected) - analysis and evaluation of data
56
What are phylogenetic trees
- model showing the evolutionary / phylogenetic relationships of organisms - show a common ancestor, which may no longer be living - branch out as different species appearing as a result of natural seelction and other sources of variation

XBI11 (14 decks)

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