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National 5: Physics > Unit 2: Waves and Radiation > Flashcards

Unit 2: Waves and Radiation Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

What is a Wave?

A

Something that transfers energy from one point to another

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2
Q

Transverse Wave

A

Particles of the medium vibrate at right angles to the direction the energy travels.

Examples: E-M Waves + Water Waves

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3
Q

Longitudinal Waves

A

Energy travels along in the same direction as the particles vibrate.

Example: Sound Waves

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4
Q

Wavelength

A

DIstance from a point to the point the wave begins to repeat itself. Could be from peak to peak or trough to trough. Measured in metres(m) and has the symbol λ

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5
Q

Frequency

A

Number of waves produced in 1 second by the source producing the wave. Measured in Hertz(Hz) and has the symbol f

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6
Q

Amplitude

A

Half the distance from peak to trough or the height of the wave from rest position. Measured in metres(m)

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7
Q

Wave Speed

A

How quickly the wave travels from its source. Is value is the same as distance travelled in one second. Measured in metres per second(ms-1) and has the symbol v

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8
Q

Period

A

Time taken for one complete wave to be produced. Also time taken for one whole wave to pass a point. Measured in seconds(s) and has the symbol T

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9
Q

Speed of Sound in Air

A

340 ms-1

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10
Q

Speed of Light in Air

A

3x108 ms-1

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11
Q

Diffraction

A

The spreading out of waves when they go through a gap or past the edge of a barrier

The greater the wavelength, the greater the diffraction

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12
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Consists of a group of radiations that all travel at the speed of light

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13
Q

Visible Spectrum

A

Consists of a range of different colours of light that the human eye can detect. ROYGBIV

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14
Q

Radio Waves

A

At one end of the E-M spectrum. Greatest Wavelength. Lowest Frequency.

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15
Q

Gamma Ray

A

At one end of the E-M spectrum. Shortest Wavelength. Greatest Frequency.

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16
Q

Radio Waves Source

A

Electronic Circuits

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17
Q

Radio Waves Detector

A

Aerial

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18
Q

Radio Waves Typical Uses

A

Communications, Radio, TV

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19
Q

Microwaves Source

A

Electronic Circuits

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20
Q

Microwaves Detector

A

Aerial

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21
Q

Microwaves Typical Uses

A

Communications Satellites

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22
Q

Infrared Sources

A

Electronic Devices

Warm Objects, Sun

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23
Q

Infrared Detectors

A

Electronic Detectors

Heat-Sensitive Papers

Black-Bulb Thermometer

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24
Q

Infrared Uses

A

Remote Controls

Detector in Security Lighting

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25
Visible Light Sources
Sun Electronic Devices
26
Visible Light Detectors
Eyes Photographic Film LDR
27
Visible Light Typical Uses
Seeing Photography Communication (Optical Fibres)
28
Ultraviolet Sources
Sun Gas Discharge Lamps
29
Ultraviolet Detector
Film Causes Fluoresence in Some Objects (Money)
30
Ultraviolet Uses
Sun-Tan Lamp Making Ions Killing Bacteria Making Vitamin D
31
X-Rays Sources
Very Fast Electrons Hitting a Metal Target
32
X-Rays Detector
Photographic Film
33
X-Rays Uses
Imaging Defects in Bones
34
Gamma Rays Sources
Radioactive Nuclei Decaying
35
Gamma Rays Detectors
Photographic FIlm G-M Tube
36
Gamma Rays Uses
Killing Cancerous Cells Sterilisation of Surgical Equipment
37
Refraction
The changing of speed (and often direction) of a light ray or a wave when it moves from one medium to another
38
Normal
Imaginary line perpendicular to the substance the ligh is entering
39
Angle of Incidence
Angle at which light hits the new medium. Taken from Normal to Incident Ray
40
Angle of Refraction
Angle at whcih light rravels in new medium. Taken from Normal to Refracted Ray
41
Convex Lens
Curves Outwards Converges (Focuses) Light Positive Power and Focal Length
42
Concave Lens
Curves Inwards Diverges (Spreads out) Light Negative Power and Focal Length
43
Retina
Light Sensitive Cells on the back of the eye. Light should converge at this point for a clear image
44
Long-Sightedness
Eye Lens Not Powerful enough Corrected using a Convex Lens Able to focus on distant objects but not close objects
45
Short-Sightedness
Eye Lens Too Powerful Corrected using Concave Lens
46
Ray Diagram Object \> 2F
Image is: * Real * Inverted * Diminished
47
Ray Diagram Object at 2F
Image is: * Real * Inverted * Same Size
48
Ray DIagram Object \< 2F
Image is: * Real * Inverted * Magnified
49
Ray Diagram Object
Image is: * Virtual * Right Way Up * Magnified
50
Critical Angle
When the angle of incidence reaches this the angle of refraction=90º
51
Total Internal Reflection
When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle and the light is reflected back into the medium. (No Light Refracted)
52
Fibre Optic
Used to transmit light signals through a series of Total Internal Reflections
53
Fibre Optic Advantages
Very Little Energy Lost Huge signal Capacity - can carry many TV Channels/Telephone Lines Secure - No signal escapes out of the edges Cheaper,Lighter and more Flexible than copper wires
54
Fiber Scope (Endoscope)
Allows doctor to see inside patient using bundles of fibre optics
55
Alpha Particles (α)
Made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (identical to helium nucleus). Heavy and Positively charged
56
Beta Particle (β)
Made of 1 very fast moving electron. Light and negatively charged
57
Gamma Ray (γ)
Part of the E-M spectrum. Has no mass, travels at the speed of light and has a very high frequency so a very high energy
58
Other types of Nuclear Radiation
X-Rays, Fast and Slow moving Neutrons
59
Ionisation
When an atom loses or gains an electron giving it a charge
60
Ionising Radiation
Heavier Radidation is more ionising. Alpha most. Gamma least
61
Alpha Penetration
Stopped by a few cm of air or a thin sheet of paper
62
Beta Penetration
Stopped by a thin sheet of aluminium
63
Gamma Penetration
Stopped by Lead or Concrete
64
Ways of Detecting Nuclear Radiation
Geiger-Müller Tube Film Badge Scintillation Counter Cloud Chamber
65
Geiger-Müller (GM) Tube
Tube has a high voltage applied to central rod. Low pressure gas is sealed inside. When radiation enters it ionises an atom of the low pressure gas, causing a current to flow More radiation means a larger current Doesn't distinguish between types of radiation
66
Film Badge
Badge has photographic film sealed in a lightproof plastic envelope. Badge has different windows that allow different types of radiation through. When radiation enters through the window it ionises the photographic film causing it to fog
67
Sources of Radiation
40% Radon Gas from Ground 18% Artificial Sources 15% Rocks 15% Human Body + Food 12% Cosmic Rays
68
Uses of Nuclear Radiation
Smoke Alarms Carbon Dating Paper Thickness Measuring Detecting Leaking Pipes Sterilising Hospital Equipment Radiotherapy
69
Smoke Alarms
Alpha Particles ionise the air causing a small current to flow. When smoke enters it absorbs the alpha particles causing the curent to reduce and the alarm to sound
70
Paper Mills
Paper Thickness measured by how much beta radiation passes through the paper.
71
Radiotherapy
Gamma Rays used to kill cancer cells
72
Radiation Safety Rules
Keep time of exposure to a minimum Hold radioactive sources using tongs Wear protective clothing
73
Absorbed Dose
Energy absorbed per kilogram. Measured in **Greys**(**G****y**) and has the symbol**D**
74
Dose Equivalent
Takes into Account the radiation expoesed to. Measured in **Sieverts**(**Sv**) and has the symbol **H**
75
Safe Radiation Dose
5mSv for general public
76
Activity
Number of nuclei that decay every second. Measured in **Bequerels**(**Bq**) and has the symbol **A**
77
Half-Life
Time taken for the activity of a source to halve
78
Fission
When a large nucleus (such as uranium) splits into two smaller nuclei plus a few neutrons. Energy released very large (E=mc2)
79
Nuclear Power Stations
Use nuclear fission to produce huge amounts of energy. Fission occurs in uranium fuel rods
80
Moderator
Slows down neutrons so they can go on to cause further reactions
81
Nuclear Power Advantages
Huge amount of energy produced from a small amount of fuel Reaction produces no pollution Running costs are small compared to running costs of a coal fired power station Fraction of waste produced compared to coal
82
Nuclear Power Disadvantages
Waste is highly reactive with a long half life Massive start up costs. Expensive to decomission Risk of nuclear accients that could release huge amounts of radioactive material intp environment. (Fukashima,Chernobyl)
83
Fusion
When two small nuclei join together to form a larger one, releasing a huge amount of energy
84
Fusion Advantages
Huge amount of energy produced using a small amount of fuel A fraction of waste is produced compared to the waste from coal Waste is helium - a harmless gas
85
Fusion Disadvantages
Only happens at very high temperatures Containing fuel at high temperatures isn't possible with current technology More research needs to be done
86
If angle of incidence \< critical angle
The light refracts
87
If angle of incidence = critical angle
Refracted ray travels along the surface of the denser medium
88
If angle of incidence \> critical angle
Total Internal Reflection occurs

National 5: Physics (3 decks)

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