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Chemistry > Unit 20 & 21 - Fuels/ Earth And Atmospheric Science > Flashcards

Unit 20 & 21 - Fuels/ Earth And Atmospheric Science Flashcards

1
Q

How are natural gas and crude oil formed from?

A

Remains of microscopic animals and plants in the sea that had layers on sediment on top

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2
Q

What are finite resources

A

Resources that are not made any more

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3
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms

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5
Q

What state is crude oil at room temp?

A

Liquid

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6
Q

Give 2 uses of crude oil

A

Fuels for vehicles, feedstock or raw materials

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7
Q

What are petroleum Chemicals?

A

Substances made from crude oil such as poly(ethene)

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8
Q

What is natural gas?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons in a gas state

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9
Q

What is the main hydrocarbon in natural gas?

A

Methane

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10
Q

What is methane used for

A

Cooking

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11
Q

What is petrol and diesel oil used for

A

Fuel in vehicles

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12
Q

What is kerosene used for

A

Fuel in aircrafts

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13
Q

What is diesel used for

A

Fuel in some cars and trains

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14
Q

What is fuel oil used for

A

Fuel for large ships and power stations

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15
Q

What is bitumen used for

A

Surfacing roads and roofs

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16
Q

In terms of number of bonds, which hydrocarbons have the lowest boiling points?

A

With the least number of bonds

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17
Q

In terms of number of bonds, which hydrocarbons have the highest viscosity

A

With the highest number of bonds

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18
Q

In terms of number of bonds, which hydrocarbons are easiest to ignite

A

With lower number of bonds

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19
Q

Are compounds in crude oil mostly alkenes or alkanes

A

Alkanes

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20
Q

What is a combustion reaction?

A

When hydrocarbon fuels are reacted with oxygen

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21
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

A combustion reaction where only CO2 and water are produced, energy is given out, there is enough oxygen

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22
Q

What is the main hydrocarbon found in natural gas?

A

Methane

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23
Q

How can you test for an alkane?

A

Combustion reaction with enough oxygen, the CO2 produced should make limewater turn cloudy when bubbled through

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24
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

A combustion reaction where there is a limited supply of oxygen so water, CO and C (soot) are all produced

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25
Q

Why does incomplete combustion happen

A

When there isn’t enough O2, the C atoms can’t all form CO2 if there isn’t enough oxygen so they are either made into CO or just C

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26
Q

What are 2 problems of using incomplete combustion

A

It creates soot and CO

27
Q

Why is CO a problem

A

It is a toxic gas, bind to Haemoglobin limiting oxygen supply

28
Q

Why might cracking be used

A

If a certain fraction is in high demand but not a lot is produced by distillation

29
Q

As well as a different hydrocarbon, what else does cracking produce

A

Hydrocarbons with C=C bonds that are used to make polymers

30
Q

How does cracking happen?

A

The crude oil fraction is evaporated and passed over a catalyst containing aluminium oxide and heated to about 650C

31
Q

What is cracking

A

Breaking larger alkanes to make a smaller alkane and an alkene

32
Q

What are 3 benefits of using hydrogen as fuel

A

It releases a lot of energy
It only produces water vapour
It is easy to ignite

33
Q

What is a negative of using hydrogen as a fuel

A

It is a gas at room temp so difficult to store

34
Q

How is acid rain formed

A

Sulphur dioxide is an impurity from hydrocarbon fuels
Sulphur dioxide dissolved in water in the clouds to form a mixture of acids, including sulphurous acid (H2SO3)
This is oxidised by oxygen in the air to form sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

35
Q

What is a problem of acid rain

A

It corrodes metals like iron

36
Q

What reaction take solace in a car engine

A

Internal combustion

37
Q

What is internal combustion

A

When fuel is mixed with air and ignited inside the engine

38
Q

Why is oxides it nitrogen harmful

A

It makes acid rain, causes pollution, produces a toxic gas

39
Q

What are oxides of nitrogen produced from

A

The reaction inside an engine

40
Q

What was the earths early atmosphere mainly made of

A

CO2, some water vapour

41
Q

What helped to form the atmosphere

A

Volcanic activity

42
Q

What supports the idea that our atmosphere used to be mainly CO2

A

Venus and Mars are

43
Q

What is evidence for the earths atmosphere to mainly be nitrogen?

A

Titan and a moon of Saturn is

44
Q

What formed the oceans

A

4 billion years ago, the earth cooled which cause water vapour to become liquid

45
Q

True/false, there was a lot of oxygen in our early atmosphere

A

False

46
Q

Where was oxygen mainly found

A

Often found in ancient rock

47
Q

What evidence supports that there wasn’t much oxygen?

A

A rock called iron pyrite only forms if there isn’t oxygen

48
Q

What does rocks containing bands of iron oxide show

A

There was more oxygen

49
Q

What do scientists think happened to the CO2 in terms of oceans

A

It dissolved in the oceans when they were formed

Sea creatures used it to form shells made of calcium carbonate

50
Q

What are stromatolites

A

Rocky shapes caused by the build up of sediment and mucus by Cyanobacteria

51
Q

How much O2 is there in the atmosphere

A

20%

52
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

When gases in the atmosphere absorb energy from the sun and re-emit it to the earth and warms it

53
Q

Give 3 greenhouse gases

A

CO2, methane and water vapour

54
Q

What supports the idea that CO2 causes temperature rise?

A

Satellite data confirms that as CO2 levels increase, there has been a reduction in infrared waves leaving the earth

55
Q

How can historical evidence be obtained for CO2 levels

A

Using ice cores and measuring concentration of gas

56
Q

What equipment is used today to find temperature

A

Modern thermometers

57
Q

What greenhouse gas is more powerful that CO2

A

Methane

58
Q

When is methane released

A

When extracting oil and natural gas from the ground and processesd

59
Q

Besides oil extraction, what also produces methane (2)

A

Cattle farming as they have bacteria in their stomachs which produce methane
Soil bacteria in landfill sites

60
Q

Give 5 effects of climate change

A 
Sea level rise
Animals moving from natural habitats
Species becoming extinct
More extreme weather
Sea organisms harmed due to acid
61
Q

What can reduce climate change

A

Using renewable energy resources

62
Q

Give a negative of global engineering solutions

A

So,e countries may not help

63
Q

What are global engineering solutions

A

When sunlight is reflected back into space or capture CO2 and bury in underground

64
Q

Give a way of limiting the impact of the effects of climate change

A

Helping local people adapt to new conditions e.g building flood defences

Chemistry (12 decks)

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