Unit 20 & 21 - Fuels/ Earth And Atmospheric Science

Question 1

How are natural gas and crude oil formed from?

Answer 1

Remains of microscopic animals and plants in the sea that had layers on sediment on top

Question 2

What are finite resources

Answer 2

Resources that are not made any more

Question 3

What is crude oil?

Answer 3

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons

Question 4

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 4

A compound that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms

Question 5

What state is crude oil at room temp?

Answer 5

Liquid

Question 6

Give 2 uses of crude oil

Answer 6

Fuels for vehicles, feedstock or raw materials

Question 7

What are petroleum Chemicals?

Answer 7

Substances made from crude oil such as poly(ethene)

Question 8

What is natural gas?

Answer 8

A mixture of hydrocarbons in a gas state

Question 9

What is the main hydrocarbon in natural gas?

Answer 9

Methane

Question 10

What is methane used for

Answer 10

Cooking

Question 11

What is petrol and diesel oil used for

Answer 11

Fuel in vehicles

Question 12

What is kerosene used for

Answer 12

Fuel in aircrafts

Question 13

What is diesel used for

Answer 13

Fuel in some cars and trains

Question 14

What is fuel oil used for

Answer 14

Fuel for large ships and power stations

Question 15

What is bitumen used for

Answer 15

Surfacing roads and roofs

Question 16

In terms of number of bonds, which hydrocarbons have the lowest boiling points?

Answer 16

With the least number of bonds

Question 17

In terms of number of bonds, which hydrocarbons have the highest viscosity

Answer 17

With the highest number of bonds

Question 18

In terms of number of bonds, which hydrocarbons are easiest to ignite

Answer 18

With lower number of bonds

Question 19

Are compounds in crude oil mostly alkenes or alkanes

Answer 19

Alkanes

Question 20

What is a combustion reaction?

Answer 20

When hydrocarbon fuels are reacted with oxygen

Question 21

What is complete combustion?

Answer 21

A combustion reaction where only CO2 and water are produced, energy is given out, there is enough oxygen

Question 22

What is the main hydrocarbon found in natural gas?

Answer 22

Methane

Question 23

How can you test for an alkane?

Answer 23

Combustion reaction with enough oxygen, the CO2 produced should make limewater turn cloudy when bubbled through

Question 24

What is incomplete combustion

Answer 24

A combustion reaction where there is a limited supply of oxygen so water, CO and C (soot) are all produced

Question 25

Why does incomplete combustion happen

Answer 25

When there isn’t enough O2, the C atoms can’t all form CO2 if there isn’t enough oxygen so they are either made into CO or just C

Question 26

What are 2 problems of using incomplete combustion

Answer 26

It creates soot and CO

Question 27

Why is CO a problem

Answer 27

It is a toxic gas, bind to Haemoglobin limiting oxygen supply

Question 28

Why might cracking be used

Answer 28

If a certain fraction is in high demand but not a lot is produced by distillation

Question 29

As well as a different hydrocarbon, what else does cracking produce

Answer 29

Hydrocarbons with C=C bonds that are used to make polymers

Question 30

How does cracking happen?

Answer 30

The crude oil fraction is evaporated and passed over a catalyst containing aluminium oxide and heated to about 650C

Question 31

What is cracking

Answer 31

Breaking larger alkanes to make a smaller alkane and an alkene

Question 32

What are 3 benefits of using hydrogen as fuel

Answer 32

It releases a lot of energy It only produces water vapour It is easy to ignite

Question 33

What is a negative of using hydrogen as a fuel

Answer 33

It is a gas at room temp so difficult to store

Question 34

How is acid rain formed

Answer 34

Sulphur dioxide is an impurity from hydrocarbon fuels Sulphur dioxide dissolved in water in the clouds to form a mixture of acids, including sulphurous acid (H2SO3) This is oxidised by oxygen in the air to form sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Question 35

What is a problem of acid rain

Answer 35

It corrodes metals like iron

Question 36

What reaction take solace in a car engine

Answer 36

Internal combustion

Question 37

What is internal combustion

Answer 37

When fuel is mixed with air and ignited inside the engine

Question 38

Why is oxides it nitrogen harmful

Answer 38

It makes acid rain, causes pollution, produces a toxic gas

Question 39

What are oxides of nitrogen produced from

Answer 39

The reaction inside an engine

Question 40

What was the earths early atmosphere mainly made of

Answer 40

CO2, some water vapour

Question 41

What helped to form the atmosphere

Answer 41

Volcanic activity

Question 42

What supports the idea that our atmosphere used to be mainly CO2

Answer 42

Venus and Mars are

Question 43

What is evidence for the earths atmosphere to mainly be nitrogen?

Answer 43

Titan and a moon of Saturn is

Question 44

What formed the oceans

Answer 44

4 billion years ago, the earth cooled which cause water vapour to become liquid

Question 45

True/false, there was a lot of oxygen in our early atmosphere

Answer 45

False

Question 46

Where was oxygen mainly found

Answer 46

Often found in ancient rock

Question 47

What evidence supports that there wasn’t much oxygen?

Answer 47

A rock called iron pyrite only forms if there isn’t oxygen

Question 48

What does rocks containing bands of iron oxide show

Answer 48

There was more oxygen

Question 49

What do scientists think happened to the CO2 in terms of oceans

Answer 49

It dissolved in the oceans when they were formed | Sea creatures used it to form shells made of calcium carbonate

Question 50

What are stromatolites

Answer 50

Rocky shapes caused by the build up of sediment and mucus by Cyanobacteria

Question 51

How much O2 is there in the atmosphere

Answer 51

20%

Question 52

What is the greenhouse effect

Answer 52

When gases in the atmosphere absorb energy from the sun and re-emit it to the earth and warms it

Question 53

Give 3 greenhouse gases

Answer 53

CO2, methane and water vapour

Question 54

What supports the idea that CO2 causes temperature rise?

Answer 54

Satellite data confirms that as CO2 levels increase, there has been a reduction in infrared waves leaving the earth

Question 55

How can historical evidence be obtained for CO2 levels

Answer 55

Using ice cores and measuring concentration of gas

Question 56

What equipment is used today to find temperature

Answer 56

Modern thermometers

Question 57

What greenhouse gas is more powerful that CO2

Answer 57

Methane

Question 58

When is methane released

Answer 58

When extracting oil and natural gas from the ground and processesd

Question 59

Besides oil extraction, what also produces methane (2)

Answer 59

Cattle farming as they have bacteria in their stomachs which produce methane Soil bacteria in landfill sites

Question 60

Give 5 effects of climate change

Answer 60

``` Sea level rise Animals moving from natural habitats Species becoming extinct More extreme weather Sea organisms harmed due to acid ```

Question 61

What can reduce climate change

Answer 61

Using renewable energy resources

Question 62

Give a negative of global engineering solutions

Answer 62

So,e countries may not help

Question 63

What are global engineering solutions

Answer 63

When sunlight is reflected back into space or capture CO2 and bury in underground

Question 64

Give a way of limiting the impact of the effects of climate change

Answer 64

Helping local people adapt to new conditions e.g building flood defences